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Ethics > Virtue Theory > Flashcards

Virtue Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote Nichomachean Ethics?

A

Aristotle but it was compiled and edited by his son (Nichomachus)

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2
Q

Nichomachean Ethics

A

Describes the purpose of life, the divisions of the soul and the various qualities of mind and character that are supposed to be necessary for moral conduct

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3
Q

What quality fulfils all the virtues?

A

Friendship

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4
Q

What does Book 1 of Nichomachean Ethics concern?

A
  1. The true objects or purpose of life

2. Everything a person does is directed towards some kind of aim

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5
Q

What does Aristotle consider to be the final aim?

A

Good - not only for oneself but for all humanity

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6
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of people?

A
  1. Those who love pleasure
  2. Those who love honour
  3. Those who love contemplation
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7
Q

Purely free-thinking individuals

A
  1. There’s no thing as a purely free-thinking individual

2. Our individuality is already partly decided for us by our peers

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8
Q

What two parts is the soul divided into?

A

Rational and Irrational

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9
Q

Irrational

A
  1. Vegetative - basic instincts necessary for individual and collective survival
  2. Desiderative - varied desires and wants that can be channelled and controlled.
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10
Q

Rational

A
  1. Scientific - can grasp invariable first principles e.g. knowledge of subjects
  2. Calculative - allows us to make decisions
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11
Q

What are the two types of virtues?

A
  1. Moral

2. Intellectual

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12
Q

Moral

A

Connected to the desiderative and irrational part of the soul - cultivated through habit

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13
Q

Intellectual

A

Connected to the rational part of the soul - cultivated through instruction

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14
Q

How many moral virtues are there?

A

12

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15
Q

Courage

A

Rashness ———– Cowardice

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16
Q

Modesty

A

Shyness ————- Shamelessness

17
Q

How many intellectual virtue are there?

A

9 (5 primary and 4 secondary)

18
Q

Doctrine of the Mean (analogy)

A

All acorns have the potential to become actual oak trees but only some of them will become so

19
Q

What are the 3 kinds of friendship?

A
  1. Utility
  2. Pleasurable
  3. Perfect
20
Q

Utility

A
  • Friends that are useful to us

- Most friendships in the world of work are utility friendships

21
Q

Pleasurable

A
  • Friends that give us pleasure and the friendship evolves through feelings and emotions
  • Tend to be impermanent and based on sexual attraction
22
Q

Perfect

A
  • Based on goodness

- There are few truly good friendships for there are few truly good people

23
Q

Criticisms of Virtue Theory

A
  1. An elaboration of a very Orthodox Greek view of aristocratic living
  2. Racist
  3. Sexist
  4. Speciest
  5. Ageist
  6. Elitist
24
Q

Responses to the Criticisms of Virtue Theory

A

Aristotle was ‘culture-bound’ and couldn’t have transcended all of the conceptual constraints of his time and culture

25
Q

Eudemonia

A
  1. Well-being in the sense of being successful or fulfilled

2. The outcome of being virtuous

26
Q

What’s the main goal of Virtue Theory?

A

To create a good life

To be happy and fulfilled through cultivating virtues

27
Q

What did Roger Scruton say in relation to Virtue Theory?

A

It’s more about ‘doing’ than ‘being’

28
Q

What are the 3 aspects of happiness?

A
  1. A life of enjoyment
  2. A life with freedom
  3. Being a philosopher
29
Q

What’s the most important virtue and why?

A

Wisdom - it’s the overall characteristic of a person that can maintain all aspects of happiness

30
Q

What (according to Aristotle) are the four key virtues?

A
  1. Temperance
  2. Courage
  3. Justice
  4. Wisdom
31
Q

Jesus’ Virtues

A

Each virtue is considered ‘blessed’ and has a corresponding spiritual reward

32
Q

What do some scholars argue that Jesus’ virtues echo?

A

Isaiah 61:1 - 3

Ethics (6 decks)

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