Virtualization Concepts Flashcards

CCIE SP Written 4.2 Blueprint

1
Q

What are some reasons to add virtualization in the POP and Data Center?

A
  • Reduce CAPEX (Fewer Chassis)
  • Reduce OPEX (deploy fewer chassis, simplify topologies)
  • Reduce environmental impact
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2
Q

What are the two main types of virtualized router entities, as defined by their physical and operational characteristics?

A
  • A Hardware-Isolated Virtual Router (HVR) has hardware-based resource isolation between routing entities.
  • A Software-Isolated Virtual Router (SVR) comprises software-based resource isolation between routing entities.
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3
Q

Within SVR, what are some models for achieving virtualization?

A
  1. Multiple guest operating systems to overlay on a host operating system.
  2. Integrate the virtualization into the kernel itself.
  3. Virtualization is in the individual applications.
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4
Q

What is the impact of using the SVR overlay model?

A

Doesn’t scale well because it introduces significant contention of resources and users tend to over provision resources on all SVRs wasting resources.

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5
Q

What is the impact of integrating the virtualization in the kernel with SVR?

A

This model may improve processing performance but suffers from resource contention and increased complexity and instability in the kernel.

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6
Q

What is the impact of providing virtualization in the applications with SVR?

A

Scales better because of lower overhead but complicates a number of issues because the application must some level of virtualization.

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7
Q

Does SVR share data plane or control plane resources?

A

Yes. All SVR models share resources in the data plane, requiring vigilant resource monitoring.

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8
Q

Does HVR share data plane and control plane?

A

No. It dedicates both control and data plane resources on a per-module boundary to individual virtual entities so there is no sharing of resources, other than a lightweight shim layer that provides low-level communication between HVRs.

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9
Q

What HVR technology does Cisco IOS XR provide support for?

A

Secure Domain Routers (SDRs)

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10
Q

Define SDR

A

An HVR technology that provides full isolation between virtual routing instances through the use of Distributed Route Processors (DRPs) for extra control plane resources.

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11
Q

How are SDRs defined no a per-slot boundary?

A

With entire Route Processors (RPs) and Modular Services Cards (MSCs) dedicated to an SDR.

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12
Q

Describe Satellite network virtualization

A

Satellite switches act as extensions to the ASR9k, they are under the complete control and configuration management of the host router.

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13
Q

What is the main advantage to using Nv?

A

Port Density - A single 24-port Ten Gigabit Ethernet line card on the Cisco ASR 9000 Series Router could integrate up to 24 satellite switches each with 44 GigE ports; this results in an effective port density of 1056 Gigabit Ethernet ports for each Cisco ASR 9000 Series Router line card slot.

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14
Q

What types of topologies are supported by the Satellite System?

A

Hub and Spoke network topology

Dual Home network topology

Simple Ring topology

Layer 2 Fabric network topology

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15
Q

Does the Nv switch have to be co-located with the host router?

A

No, they can be in geographically distinct locations

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16
Q

What is NFV?

A

Network Function Virtualization - decouples network functions from hardware and puts them in software. Example: vFirewalls, vRouters, load balancer, etc.

17
Q

In Long term evolution (LTE), what is the UE?

A

User equipment like a cellphone. Each UE carries a Universal integrated circuit card (UICC) In LTE the cellphone carries a Subscriber Identity module (SIM) which identifies a phones number, billing plan, etc.

18
Q

Describe eNobeB

A

eNB are base stations that control the mobile nodes in one or more calls. Also called eNB. These are base stations that control the mobile nodes in one or more calls. A base station that is supporting a specific mobile node is reference as the mobile node’s “serving eNB”. LTE mobile nodes can only communicate with one base station at a time.

19
Q

What are the 2 primary functions of eNB?

A

Send/receive radio transmissions and to control low-level signaling such as handover commands.

20
Q

Why are eNBS connected to each other?

A

To support mobility events for packet forwarding and handover using the X2 interface.

21
Q

What interface does the eNB use to communicate with upstream networks?

A

S1 interface.

22
Q

How do UEs talk to eNBs?

A

Via the LTE-Uu interface.

23
Q

Describe RAN

A

(Radio Access Network) This is a way of providing backhaul from access networks to the provider’s core network.

24
Q

What is UMTS?

A

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - This was the third generation 3G network upon which 4G LTE was built. This was a combination of circuit and packet switched architectures which was more hierarchical.

25
Q

What is E-UTRAN?

A

Evolved UMTS Terrestrial RAN. This encompasses the entire LTE access network, which consists of eNB radios.

26
Q

What is BTS?

A

Base transceiver station - eNB, is the element in E-UTRA of LTE that is the evolution of the element Node B in UTRA of UMTS. It is the hardware that is connected to the mobile phone network that communicates directly wirelessly with mobile handsets (UEs), like a base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM networks.