Virtual production Flashcards
Performance
Consist of the two basic categories effectiveness and efficiency, where
efficiency asses to what degree the process uses resources well and is the same thing as
productivity
Productivity
Is the output in relation to input, the ratio between the output recieived from the production system in terms of product value delivered to customer and the input invested in producing a product
Cognitive automation
Technical solutions that can support an opperator to perform the night tasks and take the night actions
Calculate balancing losses
B = (NC - T) / NC
C - cycle time (max)
N - number of stations in the flow
T - total lead time for a product
Goal of line balancing?
- To distribute the work evenly per workstation
- To balance the flow according to the TAKT-time
Product/Production line Layout
[A]–>[B]–>[C]–>[D]–>[E]
+ Suitable when a low throughput of the product is needed of a standardized product and when production can be organized based on the product flow
- Sensitive to disturbances
- Pace is set by the longest operation
time - Sensitive to changes of the product
- Involves a higher level of
investment
Cell Layout
[ Cell 1 | Cell 2 | Cell 3 ]
[ [A1][B1] | [B2] | [A3] [B4] ]
[ [A2][C1] | [C2] | [B3] [C3] ]
+ Suitable when there is need of fast throughput and there is need to organize production according to product variants.
- Higher level of competence than for product layout
- Difficult to balance
- Lower utilization of machines
Process Layout
[Dept A : Dept B : DeptC]
[ [A1] : [B1] : [C1] ]
[ [A2] : [B2] : [C2] ]
+ Better level of utilization of the machines
+ High flexibility between the machines
- Increased material handling
- Longer total production time
- Requires planning and follow up
- Higher internal storage
Verification
The process of making sure that the simulation model matches the conceptual model
Validation
The process of making sure that the simulation model, including the input data, matches the real system
Benefits of Virtual training for operators?
- Reduce time to train
- Increased quality
- Safer and shorter ramp-up times
- Reduce training on physical objects
Why work with Virtual technologies?
Changes needs to be made and these can be verified offline before installation which reduces change over time and potential errors
Why does robot simulation result in a shorter time of production start?
Robot code can be tested and verified offline while regular production i still ongoing
Application areas for industrial robots
- Material handeling
- Spot welding
\wobj:=x
Defines the coordinate system in which xx is given
Toolx
Defines the tool center point
MoveJ xx
Robot navigate to position xx.
The movement is of type: joint
Sociotechnical
Processes and systems that are a combination of human (social) and machine (technical), and their operations depends on both
Process model (Basic)
Inputs –>[Transformation]–>Outputs
Goals when balancing a production line
- Evenly distributed work at the stations on the line
- To balance the flow according to the TAKT-time
Balance losses
The difference between the cycle time of a work station and the takt-time
Operations that is hard to train virtually
Tactille and skill based aspects
What impacts on a production rate
- Variations in operation time
- Breakdowns
- Set up times
- Material handeling time
- Buffer sizes
Vx
Sets the speed of the movement to x mm/s
Zx
Zone size, indicates how close the robot must be to the target position
Project Layout
+ handeling of material reduce
+ Very flexible
+ Continuity in the work
- Increased mobility of staff and equipment
- Low level of utilization
- High unit cost
Efficiency
Efficiency considerations assess to what degree the process uses resources well
Effectiveness
Describes the process from the customer’s point of view: does
the process deliver the expected cost, quality, and lead time required by the customer?
Lead time
The time required from customer order to delivery of the product or service
Yield
The measure of what fraction of parts produced are acceptable. Low yield equals poor quality in a process
Project Layout
[Raw materials]-->[Product]-->[Finished product] [A][B][C] \ | / [Product] / | \ [D][E][F]
MoveJ p3, v10, z10, tool1 \WObj:=papper
The robot should move the tool1 TCP to p3 in coordinate system “papper” at the speed of 10mm/s using a non-defined joint movement path.
MoveJ p3 = robot should navigate to position p3, the movement is of type joint.
v10 = sets the speed of the movement, here 10mm/s
z10 = Zone size (accuracy). This indicates how close the robot must be to the target
Tool1 = Defines the tool center point, which is what will be position at p3.
\WObj:=papper = Defines the coordinate system in which p3 is given, in this case “papper”
Why is there a growing need among manufacturing companies to work with virtual
technologies?
There is an increase in the rate of product introductions in today’s market.
This requires companies to change their production systems accordingly to accommodate the new products.
By working virtually, the changes can be verified offline before installation, which reduces changeover times and potential errors.
Explain the difference between verification and validation of a simulation model.
- Verification is the processes of making sure that the simulation model matches the conceptual model.
- Validation is the process of making sure that the
simulation model, including the input data, matches the real system.
Mention one aspect of an assembly operation that is especially difficult to train virtually.
Tactile and skill-based aspects. Those are present mainly in the second and third
phase of the learning curve
Mean time to repair (MTTR)
A basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device.
Mean time between failure (MTBF)
X
What does it mean that a robot has 6 degrees of freedom (DOF)?
The robot is capable of both translating and rotate the
tool’s coordinate system relative to the X-, Y-, and Z-axis in a reference system.
Mechanical constructs that can be used with an industrial robot:
- Cartesian
- Cylindrical
- Polar
- Articulated
- Spherical
- SCARA
- Parallel
Performance/Productivity?
Performance consist of the two basic categories effectiveness and efficiency, where
efficiency is the same thing as
productivity.
Productivity is the output in relation to input, the ratio between the output recieived from the production system in terms of product value delivered to customer and the input invested in producing a product
Efficiency/Effectiveness?
Efficiency considerations assess to what degree the process uses resources well.
Effectiveness Describes the process from the customer’s point of view: does
the process deliver the expected cost, quality, and lead time required by the customer?
