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Biochemistry(Molecules to Cells) > Virtual Microscope Lab 2 > Flashcards

Virtual Microscope Lab 2 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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2
Q

How many cell layers are in Simple epithelia?

A

single layer of cells

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3
Q

How many cell layers are in Stratified epithelia?

A

Multiple layers of cells

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4
Q

How many layers are in Pseudostratified epithelia?

A

Multiple layers of nuclei & all cells contact the basement membrane

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5
Q

List 3 different shapes of the epithelial surface cells?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of squamous cells?

A

flat cells, scale like, cell width much greater than height

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of cuboidal cells?

A

cell width and height are about equal

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of columnar cells?

A

Cell height is much greater than cell width

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9
Q

Which type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of flattened cells and lines blood vessels and body cavities?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What shape are the nuclei in simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Nuclei are round (circular in cross sections) and located in the center of the cell.

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11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium lines which body parts?

A

Kidney tubules, lines the ducts of some glands and covers the free surface of the ovary

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12
Q

The simple cuboidal epithelium shape allows for what type of body function to occur?

A

Lines small ducts and tubules that may have secretory, excretory, or absorptive functions.

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13
Q

List some characteristics of Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells which are taller than they are wide.
  • Nuclei are oval & typically closer to basal surface.
  • Cilia or microvilli may cover the apical surface of the cells (region that faces lumen).
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14
Q

Where in the body are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Lines the stomach, intestines, rectum,uterus, oviducts and the ducts of some glands.

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15
Q

List some characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

A
  • Single layer of cells having variable shapes
  • Nuclei appear at multiple levels but all cells contact the basement membrane
  • Lines part of the male reproductive tract
  • A ciliated form, called respiratory epithelium, lines the large diameter of respiratory passages.
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16
Q

List some characteristics of Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • multiple cell layers

- classified (squamous vs cuboidal vs columnar) according to the shape of cells in the most SUPERFICIAL layer.

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17
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has a surface layer of dead,anucleated cells or squames filled with keratin.

True or False

A

True

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18
Q

How does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium differ from the keratinized type?

A
  • Nonkeratinized type has a surface layer of nucleated cells (whereas keratanized has anucleated cells).
  • Nonkeratinized type is referred to as a “mucous membrane” and lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal and vocal folds
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19
Q

All epithelial cells contain keratin intermediate filaments.

True or False

A

True. All epithelial cells contain keratin intermediate filaments despite being termed “nonkeratinized” epithelium, “nonkeratinized means there is no cornified layer.

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20
Q

What is the functional advantage of having multiple cell layers in the epithelia of skin, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal and vocal folds?

A
  • surface cells are sloughed

- protection to underlying tissues from friction/abrasion

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21
Q

Transitional epithelium appear _________ when distended

A

Flattened.

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22
Q

List two examples of occluding junctions.

A

Tight Junctions and Zonula Occludens

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23
Q

List 3 types of adhering junctions.

A

Zonula adherens, desmosomes/macula adherens and hemidesmosome

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24
Q

What is an example of a communicating junction?

A

Gap junction.

25
Q

What is the function of the zonula occludens?

A
  • Barrier
  • Prevent material along apical surface of epithelium from accessing the basal or lateral surface
  • Forces transcellular transport
26
Q

List two tissues of the body in which zone occludes between adjacent cells is necessary for proper functioning of that tissue

A
  • Between cells lining vasculature of brain and spinal cord (blood brain barrier)
  • Between cells of intestinal epithelium (restrict food to lumen and only allow access of nutrients to bloodstream)
27
Q

Where is the zonula adherens (aka adherens junction) located?

A

Deep to the zonula occludens

28
Q

The zonula adherens
completely surrounds the cell.

True or False

A

True.

29
Q

What are the three components of zonula adherens?

A
  • transmembrane linker proteins
  • subplasmalemmal plaque proteins
  • cytoskeletal filaments.
30
Q

What are the components of transmembrane linker proteins in zonula adherens?

A
  • cadherin, a Ca++-dependent
    protein in the CAM (cell adhesion molecule)
    family
31
Q

What are the components of subplasmalemmal plaque proteins in zonula adherens?

A

plaques containing catenins, alpha

actinin, vinculin, and other proteins

32
Q

What is the component of cytoskeletal filament in zonula adherens?

A

Actin

33
Q

Desmosomes or macula adherens anchor around the circumference of the cells.

True or False

A

False. Macula adherens anchors at discrete spots, not around the circumference of the cell.

34
Q

What type of transmembrane linker proteins are found in desmosomes/macula adherens?

A

A type of nonclassical cadherin

termed desmogleins and desmocollins.

35
Q

List the types of plaque present in desmosomes.

A

Desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and plakophilin

36
Q

What is the the intermediate filament protein attached to the desmosome?

A

Keratin

37
Q

How do hemidesmosomes differ from desmosomes?

A

Hemidesmosomes anchor cells to their basal lamina whereas desmosomes join adjacent cells to one another.

38
Q

What type of transmembrane linker proteins are present in hemidesmosomes and to what structure do they attach?

A

The transmembrane linker proteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins, which attach to the major extracellular matrix components such as laminin, collagen, and fibronectin.

39
Q

What is the function of gap junctions or nexus junctions?

A

-Gap junctions/nexus junctions are communicating junctions.
- may also be present in the lateral membrane to provide electrical and metabolic
communication channels.

40
Q

Each gap junction has how many connexONS?

A

Each gap junction consists of two connexons,

one in each of the two adjoining cells.

41
Q

How may connexINS are present in each gap junction?

A

Each connexon is made up of SIX
subunits composed of identical
connexin proteins; hence each gap
junction has 12 connexin molecules.

42
Q

Epithelial cells are always “polarized.” The side adjacent to the basement membrane is the_______ side

A

Basal

43
Q

What are the four categories of connective tissue?

A
  • dense (subdivided into regular and irregular)
  • loose (aka areolar)
  • reticular
  • adipose
44
Q

What type of collagen predominates in dense regular connective tissue?

A

Collagen Type 1

45
Q

What is the advantage of having collagen fibers oriented in all directions in dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Protects organs from mechanical stress in more than one directions.

46
Q

What is the function of the fibroblasts in dense regular and irregular connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts make, secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix (fibers and non fibrous materials)

47
Q

Fibroblasts lack a basal
lamina.

True or False

A

True

48
Q

Which tissue has more extracellular matrix?

Epithelium or connective tissue

A

Connective tissue has more extracellular matrix.

49
Q

What is the function of the loose connective tissue in an intestinal villus?

A
  • Physical support for epithelium
  • Metabolic support for avascular epithelium
  • Support for lymphoid tissues which deal with foreign antigens from the gut.
50
Q

What is the function of the elastic fibers in loose connective tissue?

A

Distensibility (ability to swell or stretch) and flexibility.

51
Q

In loose connective tissue, what occupies the “empty” spaces called interstitial spaces?

A

Interstitial or “empty”spaces are occupied by non-fibrous extracellular matrix material such as
-glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

52
Q

What type of collagen makes up reticular fibers?

A

Type 3 Collagen

53
Q

Reticular fibers are __________ than type 1 collagen fibers.

Thinner or thicker

A

Thinner

54
Q

Reticular fibers are ________ than type 1 collagen fibers.

Longer or shorter

A

Shorter

55
Q

Thick and thin filaments in skeletal muscle overlap in which band?

A

A bands

56
Q

Which band contains only thick filaments?

A

H band

57
Q

During a concentric contraction in which muscle length shortens, which band decreases in width?

A

I band.

58
Q

How many nuclei are associated with each smooth muscle myofiber?

A

One nuclei is present in each smooth muscle myofiber and the nuclei are centrally located within the fibers.

Biochemistry(Molecules to Cells) (1 decks)

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