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Biochemistry(Molecules to Cells) > Virtual Microscope Lab 2 > Flashcards

Virtual Microscope Lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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2
Q

How many cell layers are in Simple epithelia?

A

single layer of cells

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3
Q

How many cell layers are in Stratified epithelia?

A

Multiple layers of cells

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4
Q

How many layers are in Pseudostratified epithelia?

A

Multiple layers of nuclei & all cells contact the basement membrane

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5
Q

List 3 different shapes of the epithelial surface cells?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of squamous cells?

A

flat cells, scale like, cell width much greater than height

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of cuboidal cells?

A

cell width and height are about equal

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of columnar cells?

A

Cell height is much greater than cell width

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9
Q

Which type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of flattened cells and lines blood vessels and body cavities?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What shape are the nuclei in simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Nuclei are round (circular in cross sections) and located in the center of the cell.

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11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium lines which body parts?

A

Kidney tubules, lines the ducts of some glands and covers the free surface of the ovary

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12
Q

The simple cuboidal epithelium shape allows for what type of body function to occur?

A

Lines small ducts and tubules that may have secretory, excretory, or absorptive functions.

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13
Q

List some characteristics of Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells which are taller than they are wide.
  • Nuclei are oval & typically closer to basal surface.
  • Cilia or microvilli may cover the apical surface of the cells (region that faces lumen).
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14
Q

Where in the body are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

Lines the stomach, intestines, rectum,uterus, oviducts and the ducts of some glands.

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15
Q

List some characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

A
  • Single layer of cells having variable shapes
  • Nuclei appear at multiple levels but all cells contact the basement membrane
  • Lines part of the male reproductive tract
  • A ciliated form, called respiratory epithelium, lines the large diameter of respiratory passages.
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16
Q

List some characteristics of Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • multiple cell layers

- classified (squamous vs cuboidal vs columnar) according to the shape of cells in the most SUPERFICIAL layer.

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17
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has a surface layer of dead,anucleated cells or squames filled with keratin.

True or False

A

True

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18
Q

How does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium differ from the keratinized type?

A
  • Nonkeratinized type has a surface layer of nucleated cells (whereas keratanized has anucleated cells).
  • Nonkeratinized type is referred to as a “mucous membrane” and lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal and vocal folds
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19
Q

All epithelial cells contain keratin intermediate filaments.

True or False

A

True. All epithelial cells contain keratin intermediate filaments despite being termed “nonkeratinized” epithelium, “nonkeratinized means there is no cornified layer.

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20
Q

What is the functional advantage of having multiple cell layers in the epithelia of skin, oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal and vocal folds?

A
  • surface cells are sloughed

- protection to underlying tissues from friction/abrasion

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21
Q

Transitional epithelium appear _________ when distended

A

Flattened.

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22
Q

List two examples of occluding junctions.

A

Tight Junctions and Zonula Occludens

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23
Q

List 3 types of adhering junctions.

A

Zonula adherens, desmosomes/macula adherens and hemidesmosome

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24
Q

What is an example of a communicating junction?

A

Gap junction.

25
What is the function of the zonula occludens?
- Barrier - Prevent material along apical surface of epithelium from accessing the basal or lateral surface - Forces transcellular transport
26
List two tissues of the body in which zone occludes between adjacent cells is necessary for proper functioning of that tissue
- Between cells lining vasculature of brain and spinal cord (blood brain barrier) - Between cells of intestinal epithelium (restrict food to lumen and only allow access of nutrients to bloodstream)
27
Where is the zonula adherens (aka adherens junction) located?
Deep to the zonula occludens
28
The zonula adherens completely surrounds the cell. True or False
True.
29
What are the three components of zonula adherens?
- transmembrane linker proteins - subplasmalemmal plaque proteins - cytoskeletal filaments.
30
What are the components of transmembrane linker proteins in zonula adherens?
- cadherin, a Ca++-dependent protein in the CAM (cell adhesion molecule) family
31
What are the components of subplasmalemmal plaque proteins in zonula adherens?
plaques containing catenins, alpha | actinin, vinculin, and other proteins
32
What is the component of cytoskeletal filament in zonula adherens?
Actin
33
Desmosomes or macula adherens anchor around the circumference of the cells. True or False
False. Macula adherens anchors at discrete spots, not around the circumference of the cell.
34
What type of transmembrane linker proteins are found in desmosomes/macula adherens?
A type of nonclassical cadherin | termed desmogleins and desmocollins.
35
List the types of plaque present in desmosomes.
Desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and plakophilin
36
What is the the intermediate filament protein attached to the desmosome?
Keratin
37
How do hemidesmosomes differ from desmosomes?
Hemidesmosomes anchor cells to their basal lamina whereas desmosomes join adjacent cells to one another.
38
What type of transmembrane linker proteins are present in hemidesmosomes and to what structure do they attach?
The transmembrane linker proteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins, which attach to the major extracellular matrix components such as laminin, collagen, and fibronectin.
39
What is the function of gap junctions or nexus junctions?
-Gap junctions/nexus junctions are communicating junctions. - may also be present in the lateral membrane to provide electrical and metabolic communication channels.
40
Each gap junction has how many connexONS?
Each gap junction consists of two connexons, | one in each of the two adjoining cells.
41
How may connexINS are present in each gap junction?
Each connexon is made up of SIX subunits composed of identical connexin proteins; hence each gap junction has 12 connexin molecules.
42
Epithelial cells are always "polarized." The side adjacent to the basement membrane is the_______ side
Basal
43
What are the four categories of connective tissue?
- dense (subdivided into regular and irregular) - loose (aka areolar) - reticular - adipose
44
What type of collagen predominates in dense regular connective tissue?
Collagen Type 1
45
What is the advantage of having collagen fibers oriented in all directions in dense irregular connective tissue?
Protects organs from mechanical stress in more than one directions.
46
What is the function of the fibroblasts in dense regular and irregular connective tissue?
Fibroblasts make, secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix (fibers and non fibrous materials)
47
Fibroblasts lack a basal lamina. True or False
True
48
Which tissue has more extracellular matrix? | Epithelium or connective tissue
Connective tissue has more extracellular matrix.
49
What is the function of the loose connective tissue in an intestinal villus?
- Physical support for epithelium - Metabolic support for avascular epithelium - Support for lymphoid tissues which deal with foreign antigens from the gut.
50
What is the function of the elastic fibers in loose connective tissue?
Distensibility (ability to swell or stretch) and flexibility.
51
In loose connective tissue, what occupies the "empty" spaces called interstitial spaces?
Interstitial or "empty"spaces are occupied by non-fibrous extracellular matrix material such as -glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
52
What type of collagen makes up reticular fibers?
Type 3 Collagen
53
Reticular fibers are __________ than type 1 collagen fibers. Thinner or thicker
Thinner
54
Reticular fibers are ________ than type 1 collagen fibers. Longer or shorter
Shorter
55
Thick and thin filaments in skeletal muscle overlap in which band?
A bands
56
Which band contains only thick filaments?
H band
57
During a concentric contraction in which muscle length shortens, which band decreases in width?
I band.
58
How many nuclei are associated with each smooth muscle myofiber?
One nuclei is present in each smooth muscle myofiber and the nuclei are centrally located within the fibers.

Biochemistry(Molecules to Cells) (1 decks)

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