Virsuses Flashcards

Question

WHICH THREE CLASSES OF RNA PARTICIPATE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

Answer 1

MESSENGER RNA's : are single-stranded molecules that carry the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. TRANSFER RNA's: help convert the genetic information in the nucleotide sequences of RNA into a defined sequence of amino acids in proteins. RIBOSOMAL RNA's: are important catalytic and structural components of the ribosome

Answer 2

During replication, the DNA double helix is duplicated. Replication is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA polymerase.

Answer 3

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA

Answer 4

The formation of a polypeptide using the genetic information transferred to mRNA by DNA is a process that occurs on the ribosome.

Answer 5

EUKARYOTES: replication and transcription occur in the nucleus

Answer 6

``` main genetic element in prokaryotic cell. containing all (or most) of the organism’s genes. ```

Answer 7

are composed of two or more chromosomes containing linear DNA.

Answer 8

are circular or linear double-stranded DNA molecules that replicate separately from the chromosome and are typically much smaller than chromosomes.

Answer 9

plasmid genes may encode enzymes for some special metabolism that ensures survival under certain conditions.

Answer 10

the two resulting double helices each consist of one new strand and one parental strand.

Answer 11

Enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of deoxynucleotides function to repair damaged DNA ARE REUIRED FOR DNA REPLICATION.

Answer 12

DNA strand that is used to make a complementary daughter strand

Answer 13

DNA replication always proceeds from the 5′ end to the 3′ end,.

Answer 14

1, DNA begins from the origin

Answer 15

RNA synthesis off of a DNA template—yields three main forms of RNA: messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), and ribosomal (rRNA)

Answer 16

mRNA encodes genetic information from the genome for the synthesis of proteins and carries this information to the ribosome. rRNAs play both a structural and a functional role in ribosomes. tRNAs function as the carriers of amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Answer 17

(1) DNA replication; (2) transcription (RNA synthesis); and (3) translation (protein synthesis).

Answer 18

mRNA being translated into proteins.

Answer 19

Catalytic proteins, structural proteins, and regulatory proteins.

Answer 20

``` the backbone of DNA is deoxyribose-phosphate. The bases in DNA are: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine ```

Answer 21

``` double stranded helical complementary hydrogen bonded antiparallel ```

Answer 22

essential in DNA packaging | controlled by enzymes called topoisomerases

Answer 23

DNA is stored in plasmids or the chromosome.

Answer 24

main genetic element | typically the largest genetic element

Answer 25

``` extra chromosomal replicates seperately smaller than the chromosome circular non essential genes ```

Answer 26

-semi conservative -occurs in the 5' to 3' direction begins at the origin of replication occurs at replication forks -bidirectional -mediated by enzymes called DNA polymerases

Answer 27

- origin binding protein DNAa binds to the origin of replication, opens the DNA - helicase unzips the DNA strand unwinds the helix - single strand binding protein binds to binds to the single stranded DNA to stop it from binding together again.

Answer 28

``` charcteristics of RNA : single stranded similar to DNA except: uracil is used as a nitrogenous base sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose -complementary to DNA template ```

Answer 29

initiation elongation termination

Answer 30

the function is to bring mRNA and aminoacyl tRNA. | catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and during translation and elongation.

Answer 31

A site: initial codon recognition site, accepts incomin charged tRNA P site: hold tRNA bound to the growing peptide chain. E site: exit site for uncharged tRNA

Answer 32

``` THE GENE: -promoter -structural gene -transcriptional terminator ROLES: -process of transcription -regulation of transcription ```

Answer 33

The interaction of proteins and nucleic acid are central to translation, transcription and replication.

Answer 34

-specific -non specific R amino acid groups interact with nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid. DNA interactions happen in the major groove.

Answer 35

-helix-turn-helix the first helix is recognition helix that interacts specifically with DNA the second helix: stabilizing helix stabilizes the first helix.

Answer 36

increase effiecicy of use of cellular resources. transcription is the first step in information flow. amount of mRNA generally corelates to the amount of protein present.

Answer 37

1, DNA binding proteins that control the rate of gene transcription function: -bind to promoter regions of DNA -alter RNA polymerase interactions with promoter regions -activators: increase rate of transcription -repressors: decrease rate of transcirption

Answer 38

is a heritable change in the base sequence of that genome, a change that is passed from the mother cell to daughter cells.

Answer 39

the nucleotide sequence of its genome

Answer 40

the observable properties of a mutant.

Answer 41

is the determination of the nucleotide sequence of DNA within a cell.

Answer 42

CHROMOSOMES- most bacteria and archea have one chromosome. some bacteria have TWO chromosomes. Plasmids are found rarely.

Answer 43

112kb smallest 16mb largest 3-4 mb for most bacteria

Answer 44

because they have very few genes to independently produce biomass exist in endosymbiosis of animals

Answer 45

they have enough metabolic capacity to produce core componenets of biomass. they are found in most diverse environments.

Answer 46

``` DNA replication transcription translation energy generation signal transduction ```

Answer 47

PRIMARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS- association with bacteria lead to chloroplats and mitochondria SECONDARYENDO SYMBIOSIS- assocoaition of other eukaryotes with green or red algea

Answer 48

STRUCTURE: ``` 100-200 KB IN SIZE LINEAR OR CIRCULAR MULTIPLE COPIES PER CHLOROPLAST CONTENT: 6 rRNA COPIES tRNA genes chloroplast RNA polymerase RuBisCO gene ```

Answer 49

``` STRUCTURE: 10-13 KB CIRCULAR MAY CONTAIN PLASMIDS CONTENT: 1 SET OF rRNA genes t RNA genes respiratory complext genes ```

Answer 50

``` GENOMES OF VIRUSES CAN BE : DNA RNA SIZE: DNA (1.75KB TO 2.4 MB) RNA(1KB TO 50KB 2-40 GENES) MOST VIRAL GENOMES ARE SMALLER THAN BACTERIA. ```

Answer 51

``` bacteria viruses are DNA viruses class 1, 2 some RNA viruses class 3 and 4 ```

Answer 52

``` arechea virus are class 1 and 2 DNA viruses ```

Answer 53

RNA viruses 2 and 4 | all classes can be found in animals

Answer 54

``` class 4 of virus us poliovirus structure: ssRNA + naked virion lifecycle: attachment penetration in the cytoplasm synthesis assembly release ```

Answer 55

``` RHABDOVIRUS STRUCTURE: helical symmetry, enveloped ssRNA- genome lifecycle: attachment penetration synthesis assembly release ```

Answer 56

class 3 virus is REOVIRUS structure: enveloped virus dsRNA -,+

Answer 57

class 6 virus is HIV structure: enveloped virus ssRNA +

Answer 58

``` class 6 virus ssRNA+ ```

Answer 59

Viriods- are infectious RNA found in plants Piriods- are infectious RNA found in animals BOTH HAVE NO CAPSID

Answer 60

``` STRCUTURE: circular ssRNA double stranded FUNCTION: infect plants through wounds replicate in cells disrupts plant development REPLICATION: replicated by host cell RNA polymerase ```

Answer 61

``` STRUCTURE: proteins translated from host genes normal and misfolded FUNCTION: proteins have normal cell functions REPLICATION: replicated by host cells ```