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Virology > Virology Test 2 > Flashcards

Virology Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A transmissible livestock, poultry, or equine disease that is usually absent from the USA and has the potential for significant impact on animal health, human health, or the economy

A

Foreign Animal Disease

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2
Q

Who identifies global pathogens

A

Office International des Epizooties (OIE)

Animal World Health Organization

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3
Q

Who maintains a list of high consequence Livestock pathogens

A

USDA

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4
Q

What percentage of disease is viral

A

90%

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5
Q

What are the 4 potential routes on introduction for a FAD

A

1 - Intentional (AgroTerrorism)
2- Accident - tourism and imports
3 - migration or wildlife movement
4 - natural emergence or re-emergence of disease

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6
Q

How is a FAD reported

A

1 - State Vet office

2 - Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostician collects samples for diagnosis

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7
Q

What are vesicular disease characterized by

A

formation of epithelial vesicles in the mouth, snout, feet, or teats

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8
Q

What vesicular diseases do cattle get

A

Foot and Mouth

Vesicular Stomatitis

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9
Q

What vesicular disease do Swine get

A

Foot and Mouth
Vesicular stomatitis
VE - Vesicular Stomatitis virus
SVD - Swine vesicular disease

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10
Q

What vesicular disease do Horses get

A

Vesicular Stomatitis

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11
Q

What vesicular disease do Sheep and Goats get

A

Foot and Mouth

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12
Q

picornavirus
7 serotypes 60 subtypes
no cross immunity
cloven hoof Artiodactyla

A

Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

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13
Q

Rhabdovirus
2 serotypes
cattle, donkeys, horses, swine(common)
deer, feral pigs, raccoons

A

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

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14
Q

Calicivirus
16 serotypes no cross immunity
Swine
Marine mammals (San Miguel Sea Lion)

A

Vesicular exanthema Virus

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15
Q

Picronavirus, Enterovirus

effects swine only

A

Swine Vesicular disease

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16
Q

What type of virus is FMD

A

Picornavirus

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17
Q

What is the most important disease of ruminants world wide

A

FMD

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18
Q

who can get FMD

A

all clooven hoof Artiodactyla

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19
Q

Where is FMD enzootic

A

Asia
South America
Middle East
Africa

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20
Q

What is a maintenance host

A

few clinical signs

spread virus to other animals

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21
Q

who is the maintenance host for FMD

A

Sheep

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22
Q

What is an amplifier

A

become ill and shed large amounts of virus in respiratory secretions

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23
Q

who is the amplifier for FMD

A

Swine

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24
Q

What is an indicator

A

lesions develop early and symptoms are severe

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25
Q

who is the indicator for FMD

A

Cattle

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26
Q

What are the modes of transmission for FMD

A 
inhalation
ingestion
direct contact
fomiates
airborn up to 60 KM
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27
Q

Where is FMD virus shed

A

saliva, feces, urine, milk, and respiratory aerosols

vesicles contain high titers of virus

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28
Q

Some animals that have recovered or have been vaccinated can be carriers and virus remains in pharyngeal areas for how long

A

Cattle - 2 years
Sheep - 9 months
Pigs - NOT CARRIERS

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29
Q

T or F Pasteurization kills FMD in milk

A

FALSE it survives

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30
Q

What kind of weather does FMD like

A

COLD and WET

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31
Q

where does FMD survive

A

feces, hay, bran, snow-covered soil

frozen or refrigerated meat and by products

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32
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of FMD

A

Inhalation of ingestion of virus
Replication in Pharynegal and Lymph tissues
Spread via lymph & dissemination to Epithelial sites
Vesicle form on mouth, snout, feet & teats

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33
Q

T or F FMD is spreading before the disease is clinically recognized

A

TRUE - virus is excreted 24 hours prior to development of clinical signs

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34
Q

T or F FMD is highly contagious

A

TRUE - short incubation only about 24 hours

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35
Q

What are the clinical signs of FMD in cattle

A

incubation of 3-6 days
fever, stomatitis
vesicles on buccal mucosa, dental pad, tongue, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and sometimes teats

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36
Q

What are the clinical signs of FMD in pigs

A

vesicles and bulla on snout and feet -

VERY LAME

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37
Q

What are the clinical signs of FMD in sheep

A

mild lesions inside the mouth and around the coronary band

EASY to miss

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38
Q

What does the FMD lesions appear as

A

single or multiple vesicles or blister
fibrinonecrotic ulcers
ropey stringy saliva
blister rupture quickly and ulcer appears

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39
Q

What is the FMD lesions seen in young calves

A

Tiger Heart Lesion
multifocial areas of myocardial coagulative necrosis
no epithelial vesicles

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40
Q

What is diagnostic when there is hgih morbidity in sheep cattle and pigs but NOT horses

A

FMD

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41
Q

T or F FMD spreads slowly through a herd

A

FALSE - rapid 2-14 day incubation

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42
Q

What are clinical signs of FMD

A

fever then in 1-2 days

anorexia, agalactia, drooling, bruxism, foot stamping, lamenss, vessicles, ulcers

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43
Q

What type if mortality is seen with FMD

A

20% usually in young animals can be 60% if tiger heart lesions occur
2% adults

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44
Q

What is prevention and control for FMD

A

Marker vaccines and DIVA ELISA
non-stuctural proteins omitted by vaccine in which ELISA can detect so it is negative in vaccinated animals but positive in naturally infected animals

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45
Q

What are the 2 types of vaccines for FMD

A

Recombinant Vector - in development (adenovirus expressing FMD capsid proteins)

Inactivated Adjuvant - strain specific, short immunity, no cross protective immuntiy

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46
Q

What is the historic method for control of FMD

A

Eradication - need new method so we dont wipe out entire herds of cattle with a dis outbreak

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47
Q

What are the enviromental control measures for FMD

A

inactived by pH outside of 6-11

inactived by sunlight and drying

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48
Q

Efficitive disinfectants for FMD

A

Virkon-S

Peroxygen disinfectants

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49
Q

T or F Foot and mouth is zoonotic

A

FALSE

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50
Q

What are the 2 Rhabdoviridae viruses

A

Vesicular stomatits

rabies

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51
Q

what are enveloped bullet-shaped negative strand RNA viruses

A

Rhabdovirdae

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52
Q

what are the VS serotypes

A

New Jersey

Indiana

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53
Q

T or F VS is endemic in the US

A

TRUE - sporadic cases occur each year in the SW

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54
Q

What are the routes of transmission for VS

A

Insect vectors - seasonal
direct fluid contact with saliva of vesicular fluid
fomites

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55
Q

what are the biological insect vectors for VS

A

blackflies and sandflies

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56
Q

what are the mechanical insect vectors for VS

A

biting midges

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57
Q

T or F VS can easily be distinguished from FMD in cattle and swine

A

FALSE - nearly impossible

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58
Q

What are the clinical signs of VS in horses

A

fever, anorexia, drooling,
vessicles/ulcers on tongue and lips
coronary band vesicles - Lameness

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59
Q

What is the morbidity and mortality % for VS

A

MOrbidity - 80%

Mortality - 0%

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60
Q

T or F Vesicular stomatitis is not zoonitic

A

FALSE - it actually causes flu-like symptoms in humans

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61
Q

What is the only vesicular disease that effects horses

A

VS

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62
Q

What is naked icosahedral postive strand RNA genome

A

Caliciviridae

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63
Q

How does Valicivirade exit the cell

A

Lysis of the cell

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64
Q

What are the 4 import Caliciviridae

A

Norovirus (human gastroenteritis)
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Dz (hepatic & DIC)
Feline Calicivirus (respiratory)
Vesicular Exanthema (VSD - vesicular swine Dz)

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65
Q

Who is the host of Vesicular Exanthema

A

Swine

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66
Q

when was Vesicular Exanthema eradicated

A

1956

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67
Q

What are the clinical signs of Vesicular Exanthema

A

lesions similar to FMD, VS & SVD
Lameness and vesicles on mouth snout skin and feet
NOT as sever as FMD

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68
Q

what serotype of Vesicular Exanthema was found in 1970

A

San Miguel Sea Lion Viruses

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69
Q

Why is San Miguel Sea Lion virus important

A

it is transmissible to domestic swine via feral swine or feeding ocean fish to pigs

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70
Q

how is Vesicular Exanthema diagnosed

A

multiplex RT-PCR (all 4 vesicular dieases)

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71
Q

how is Vesicular Exanthema controled

A

eradication

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72
Q

What kind of virus is Swine Vesicular Dz

A

picornavirus

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73
Q

what is Swine Vesicular Dz modes of transmission

A

direct contact
skin abrasions
fecal-oral

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74
Q

T or F Swine Vesicular Dz can’t survive in the environment

A

FALSe - survives well and can persist in chilled meat

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75
Q

what are predominant lesions of Swine Vesicular Dz

A

lameness and vesicles on feet mouth & snout

Mouth - less common

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76
Q

What helps distinguish Swine Vesicular Dz from FDM and VS

A

it tends to cause milder disease with minor production losses

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77
Q

Swine Vesicular Dz diagnosis

A

Multiplex RT_PCR

antibody detection - ELSIA serum neutralization

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78
Q

how is Swine Vesicular Dz controlled

A

Eradication

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79
Q

T or F Swine Vesicular Dz is zoonotic

A

TRUE but not significant -rare flu symptoms

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80
Q

What are enveloped icosahederal DNA viruses

A

Herpesviruses

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81
Q

What are the 3 sub-types of Herpes

A

Alpha - epithelial cell - latent in sensory neurons
Beta - epithelial - latent in leukocytes
Gamma - Lymphocytes B and or T

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82
Q

A group of disease in ruminates caused by cross - species infection with Gammaherpevirus is

A

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

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83
Q

what causes minimal disease in their adaptive host but sever Dz and high mortality in Accidental host

A

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

adapted host has latent infection and sheds virus

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84
Q

What is the natural and Accidental host for Alcelaphine here 1 (AIHV-1)

A

Natural - Wildebeest

Accidental - Cattle, deer wild ruminants

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85
Q

What is the natural and Accidental host for Ovine Herpes -2 (OvHV-2)

A

Natural - Sheep

Accidental - Cattle bison deer wild ungulates

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86
Q

What is the natural and accidental host for Caprine Herees 2 (CpHV-2)

A

Natural - Domestic and wild goats

accidental - WT and Sika deer

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87
Q

What is the natural and accidental host for MCF-WTD

A

Natural - unknown maybe sheep or goat

accidental - WT deer in North America

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88
Q

What is Malignant Catarrhal Fever modes of transmission

A

direct contact with secretions

inhalation or ingestion

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89
Q

when does Malignant Catarrhal Fever occur

A

when susceptiblae species are co-mingled with natural host species

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90
Q

Gammaherpe infect and establish latency in what cells

A

lymphocytes T and B

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91
Q

What ist he major cause of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in cattle

A

Ovine herpes-2

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92
Q

WHat is morbidity and mortality of Ovine herpes in cattle

A

Morbidity (1-6%)

Mortality (95%)

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93
Q

what are the clinical forms of Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

Subclinical - seen in reservior host
peracute - sudden death 12-24 hr course
Acute - fever, bilateral corneal opacities, discharage, crusted nares, oral ulcers, superficial lymohadenopathy scours and hemorrhagic gasterenterits

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94
Q

What are the gross lesions seen with Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

opthalmitis with corneal opacity
crusted nares
generalized lymphadenopathy
Muscosal.erison ulcers

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95
Q

What is the presumptive diagnosis for Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

right lesion AND a history of exposure to the natural host

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96
Q

what is the best way to diagnosis Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

PCR - detects vira lantigen and can detect inapparent shedders

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97
Q

When is Serology like ELSIA or SN used with Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

to see if virus is circulating in the herd

not used for diagnosis

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98
Q

What is an enveloped negative strand RNA virus

A

Paramyxoviridae

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99
Q

What are the 3 proteins on the Paramyxoviradie

A

M - virus buddine
P - encodes IF antagnostic
L - RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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100
Q

What are the 2 import envelope glycoproteins

A

H (Hemagglutinin) - receptor for attachment to host cell
F (fusion) - fusion of viron to host and permit virus entry
also cell to cell fusion inside the cell

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101
Q

where are esoinophilic inclusions found

A

nucleus and cytoplasmq

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102
Q

What type of virus is a tropism for both GI and Respiratory tracts

A

Paramyxovirus

Pneumoina and enteritis is seen

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103
Q

What is seen when paramyxo gets to lymphocytes or monocytes

A

necrosis - immune suppression

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104
Q

what does canine distemper virus effect

A

neurons and skin epithelial cells

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105
Q

T or F Paramyx usually only affect a single animal of species of animals

A

TRUE

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106
Q

What is the 2 paramyxo virus in dogs

A

distemper

parainfluenza 2 - Kennel cough

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107
Q

what are the 2 paramyxo viruses in cattle

A

BRDC - parainfluenza 3

BRDC - bovine respiratory syntactical virus

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108
Q

What is the paramyxo virus in sheep

A

peste de petits ruminants (PPR)

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109
Q

what is the paramyxo virus in humans

A

measles

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110
Q

What are the viruses assocaited with Morbillivirus

A

Measles - humans
distemper dogs & seals
rinderpest - cattle
PPR - sheep and goats

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111
Q

What are the viruses associated with respirovirus

A

Parainfluenza 1-3 - Cattle & dogs

Paramyxovirus - swine

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112
Q

what are the viruses associated with Rubellavirus

A

Newcastle Dz - Poultry

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113
Q

What are the pneumovirus viruses

A

BRSV - cattle

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114
Q

what are the viruses associated with Henipah

A

Hendra - horses and humans

Nipah pigs and humans

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115
Q

Pathogenesis of Morbillivirus (measles,distemper)

A

inhalation of ingestion virus
replication in tonsil and lymph nodes
Primary Virema infection of mononucler and lymphcytes
dissemination in lymp tissue, bone marrow
Secondary viremia and infection of target cells in alimentary lymph and respiratory systems

116
Q

What type of virus is PPR

A

morbillivirus simlar to rinderpest

117
Q

What does PPR causes

A

acute plague of sheep and goats with high morbidity and mortality
GOATS WORSE

118
Q

What ate the clinical signs of PPR

A

pneumonia and scours (enteritits)

119
Q

What animal are most susceptible to PPR

A

lambs and kid goats

ill when maternal antibody decline

120
Q

PPR signs and lesions

A

interstital pneumonia syncytia and cells with eosinophillic incusions
Dyspena, cough, mucorplurent ocular and nasal discharge
muscosal erosions and ulcers on pharynx, oral, esophagus, abomassum and interstine
dehydration and scours

121
Q

What ate the test for PPR

A

RT_PCR
AGID
antigen-capture ELISA

122
Q

What are the PPR control measures

A

non-endemic - slaughter and quarantine

endemic - vaccinate with attenuated vaccines

123
Q

Clinical signs of Rinderpest

A

fever, scours, GI ulcers, necrosis pyers patches, dehydration, lymph necrosis immune suppression

124
Q

what is the most lethal plague of cattle

A

Rinderpest
100% morbidity
90% mortality in naive cattle

125
Q

What features favored Rinderpest eradication in 2011

A 
labile in enviroment
no vertical transmission
no arthropod vector
transmisssion requires close contact
non permant carrier state in domestic cattle 
no wildlife resivor
life-long immunity for recovered animals
vaccination - life long immunity
vaccination does require refridgeration
126
Q

What is the enveloped positive strand RNA that is able to cross the placenta, infect the fetus, and establish a persistent infection

A

Pestivirus family Flavivirade

127
Q

What are the important Pestivirus in veterinary medicine

A

BVD - cattle
Border Dz - Sheep
Classical Swine Fever - Pigs

128
Q

what are the consequences of a prenatal pestivirus infection

A

1 - fetus can die
2 - fetus born with defects (cerebellar hypoplasia, hypomyelinogenesis, Shaker lambs/pigs)
3 - PI (Persistent immunotolerant infections

129
Q

What is a PI

A

virus averts both the inate and adaptive immune responses of the fetus and dam
blocks induction of IFN secretion
PI animals shed virus and infect herd mates

130
Q

What is the reservior for classical swine fever

A

Wild Pig

131
Q

Classical swine fever is high contangious and shed in what tissues

A 
blood 
saliva 
urine 
feces 
semen
132
Q

T or F Classical swine fever survives in salted, smoked or frozen meat

A

TRUE

133
Q

T or F Classical swine fever can withstand heat, disinfectants and sunlight

A

FALSE it is destroyed

134
Q

What are classical swine fever modes of transmission

A

direct contact with secretions
fomites
in utero infection (dead piglets,congenital defects

135
Q

T or F Classical swine fever PI piglets are immunotolerant

A

TRUE they shed virus in urine

136
Q

What is the pathogenesis of classical swine fever

A

Oronasal exposure
infection of Tonsilar epithelia cells & macrophages
replication in submand & phyrngeal lym nodes
disseminationvia leykocyte trafficing spleen, LN,bone marro and pyers patch
destruction of endotheial cells, lymphocytes, macrophage,epithelial cells
immune suppression hemmorrhages infarcts (DIC)

137
Q

What happens in the acute form of classical swine fever

A

Naive Herd Pathogenic strain
DIC - destroys endothelia cells
fever, depression, conjunc,vomit, scours, constipation, CNS signs
leukopenia
purpura in skin
devastating epidemic in navie herd with 100% morbidity and mortality

138
Q

What is the chronic form of classical swine fever

A

Infected herd, Moderate-low pathogenic
many pigs inapperant or subclinical Dz
young pigs - runting, scours, 2nd infections
Sows - abortion,mummies, stillborn
baby pigs - cerebellar hypoplasia, hyrdocephalus
chronic entercolitis

139
Q

what 2 Dz does Chronic classical swine fever mimic

A

PRRS

PCV-2

140
Q

What is the late-onset form of classical swine fever

A

Persistently Infected Pigs
acquired in utero & tolerance developed
intinally asymptomatic then anorexia, depression, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, posterior paresis
don’t grow well
shed virus for months

141
Q

What are the Gross lesions seen with classical swine fever

A 
Conjunctivitis
Diffuse Erythema
Multifocial petechia & pupura
tonsillar necrosis & hemorrhages
Renal Petechiae
Lymph node hemorrhages with bright red rim
142
Q

What is the lesion of spleen with Acute form of classical swine fever

A

Pathogonomic
Multifocial infarcts - dark red blebs
NO Splenomegaly

143
Q

What lesion is seen with the chronic form of classical swine fever

A

ulcers on the surface of the colon

144
Q

What might piglets in late gestation show if infected with classical swine fever

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

145
Q

How is classical swine fever diagnosed

A

Direct FA on tonsil
antigen capture ELSIA
RT_PCR for viral antigen
serology test like VN or ELSIA

146
Q

how is classical swine fever controlled

A

REPORTABLE in Us
eradication in free countries
vaccination with MLV with markers
killed vaccines in endemic countries

147
Q

What family and genus is African swine fever belong too

A

Family - Asfarviridae

Genus - Asfivirus

148
Q

What is the only known DNA arbovirus

A

Asfarviruses like African swine fever

149
Q

who are the host for African swine fever

A

swine

wart hogs

150
Q

what is the reservoirs for African swine fever

A

Bush pigs

151
Q

What is the vector for African swine fever

A

Ornithodorus sp
Soft tick - biological vector
cycle between wild hog and soft tick

152
Q

Pathogenesis of African swine fever

A

tick bite/consume infected tissue
replication in tonsil and lymph
trafficking monocytes & macrophages
Cytokine storm
kills lymphocytes, inflammation, kills endothelia
lesions of edema, hemorrhages, immune suppression (DIC)

153
Q

What are the 3 forms of African swine fever

A

Peracute
Acute
Chronic

154
Q

What it African swine fever commonly confused with

A

acute form of classical swine fever

155
Q

what gross lesions are seen with African swine fever

A

Petechiae & Purpura in skin
pulmonary hemorrhages & edema
Hemmorrhagic lymph nodes

156
Q

What is the spleen lesion with African swine fever

A

Splenomegaly with NO infarcts

157
Q

How is African swine fever diagnosed

A

FA or PCR on tonsil or lymph node to detect viral antigen

ELSIA or IFA to detect serum antibody

158
Q

How is African swine fever controlled

A

Difficult in endemic areas
NO vaccine
Soft tick control

159
Q

T or F African swine fever persist in cured meat and is resistant in the environment

A

True - Test and slaughter are best control methods

160
Q

What is an enveloped negative RNA strand viron with HN & F peplomeres

A

Paramyxoviridae (newcastle)

161
Q

What causes exotic newcastle disease

A

APMV-1

Avian Paramyxovirus -1

162
Q

What is the most infectious poultry disease in the world

A

APMV-1 Exotic Newcastle Dz

163
Q

What pathotype of APMV causes Exotic Newcastle disease but isn’t in the US

A

Velogenic type
Viscerotrpic - intestines
Neurotropic - neurons
cause sever Dz - 100% mortality

164
Q

The mesogenic type of Exotic Newcastle Dz is in the US and effects what age birds

A

Young birds

adults survive

165
Q

The lentogenic type of exotic newcastle Dz is seen in Us where

A

subclinical in adults

mild Dz in chicks

166
Q

what pathotype are Exotic newcastle vaccines

A

lentogenic

167
Q

T or F Only domestic birds are the host for Exotic New Castle Dz

A

FALSE - domestic and Wild

168
Q

T or F Turkeys have more sever infections of ENC than chickens

A

FALSE - Chickens worse infection

169
Q

Who might be chronic carriers of ENC

A

Psittacine and wild birds

170
Q

What birds can shed ENC fo rover 400 days

A

Amazon parrots

171
Q

how is exotic new castle disease usually introduced

A

smuggled birds

172
Q

how is Exotic new castle Dz transmitted

A

direct contact
feces
oronasal secretions
fomites

173
Q

T or F ENCD survives in frozen materials but dies in heat and sunlight

A

TRUE

174
Q

How is ENCD commonly spread

A

de-beaking or vaccination crews traveling between farms

175
Q

What are the mechanical vectors of ENCD

A

Rodents

flies

176
Q

What are the clinical signs of ENCD

A

Respiratory - sneeze, gasp, cough, discharge
CNS - depression, tremor, twisted head & neck
Enteric & repro - scours, drop in eggs, misshapen eggs

177
Q

what is the mortality and morbidity of ENCD

A

100% within 48 hours

178
Q

what are the viscertropic lesions of ENCD

A

Necrosis & hemmorhages of cecal tonsil

friable enlarge spleen

179
Q

What are the neurotropic lesions seen with ENCD

A

Usually NONE
some necrosis
gliosis on histology

180
Q

How is ENCD diagnosed

A

Virus isolation in embroynated eggs - identify with HI test to identify as NDV

181
Q

how is the virulence of APMV-1 determine once it is isolated

A

intracerebral pathogenicity index

sequence the F-2protein

182
Q

how is ENCD prevented

A

vaccination with lentogenic strains that is in ovo(egg)
unvaccinated birds to monitor flock
quarantine and slaughter

183
Q

What is the zoonotic potential of ENCD

A

Conjunctivitis in Humans

184
Q

enveloped negative RNA virus with 3 segmented genome

A

Rift Valley Fever

185
Q

Who are the host for rift valley fever

A 
ruminants
dogs
cats 
swine
humans
186
Q

who are the amplifying hosts for rift valley fever

A

Ruminants

humans

187
Q

where is rift valley fever endemic

A

Africa

Egypt

188
Q

how is rift valley fever transported

A

arthropod vector

189
Q

what species is susceptible to rift valley fever

A 
sheep & lambs
kid goats
baby calves
puppies
kittens
190
Q

what is the route of transmission for rift valley fever

A

inset vector
Biological - Mosquitoes & flies
mechanical - midges
Aerosol transmission - humans amplify

191
Q

When do Epizootics of rift valley fever occur

A

when mosquito population expands and susceptible animals are bitten
Floods, raining times

192
Q

what signs are seen with rift valley fever

A

Epidemic hepatitis - liver necrosis in fetus and neonates
High abortion - cows,sheep (neonates 70-100% dead)
Influenza like Dz in people
Vectors are active

193
Q

What are the diagnostic test for rift valley fever

A

virus isolation
RT_PCR IHc
IgM capture
ELISA

194
Q

How is rift valley fever control

A

vaccination

eradication

195
Q

T or F Rift valley fever readily infects humans

A

TRUE
flu like illness
fatal hemorrhagic fever
encephalitis

196
Q

T or F human can amplify rift valley fever

A

TRUE enables them to enable infection of mosquitoes

197
Q

what is a non-enveloped ds-RNA vius with segmented genome

A

Orbivirus
family - Reoviridae
genus - Orbivirus

198
Q

What are the important veterinary Orbivurs with multiple segments

A

African horses sickness
blue tongue
Epizootic Hemmorrhageic Dz

199
Q

What are the vectors of the arbovirus African horse sickness

A

Biological - Culicoies sp

Mechanical - ticks and mosquitoes

200
Q

T or F African horses sickness is worse in donkeys and zebra

A

FALSE - worse in horses

201
Q

pathogenesis of African Horses Sickness

A

insect bite
infection of luekocytes/dendritic
viral replication in lymphoid organs
leukocyte trafficking and dissemination in RBC to lungs,heart, spleen, liver, kidney, LN
destrection of endothelial cells in heart and lung
pulmonary edema, SQ edema, hydrothorax, hyrodpericardium and myocardial hemmorrhages

202
Q

What is the Peracute pulmonary form of African horse fever

A 
pulmonary edema
frothy nasal discharge
dyspena
death within hours
3-4 day incubation
203
Q

what is sub acute cardiac form of African horse sickness

A

fever
edema in supra-orbital fossa & conjunctive
lesions are hydropericardium
cardiac hemmorrhages

204
Q

What is African horse sickness fever

A

mild form
few episodes of fever
DONKEY and ZEBRAS - prolonged virmea spreading to horses

205
Q

what is the mixed form of African horse sickness

A

pulmonary and cardiac forms together

206
Q

Clinical signs of acute pulmonary African horse fever

A

acute course of illness
dyspena, frothy exudate from nostrils
hydrothorax
pulmonary edema

207
Q

clinical signs of sub acute cardiac form of African horse sickness

A

edema in supra-orbital fossa
7-14 days til death
SQ tissue around head with out leg edema

208
Q

What are the clinical signs of sub acute cardiac form African horse fever

A

Severe hydropericadium

hemorrhages on the epicardial and endocardial surfaces

209
Q

How is African horse sickness diagnosed

A

virus or viral antigen detection using isolation or TR_PCR

Serologic assays - ELSIA,AGID, IFA, CF

210
Q

Why are serologic test not useful in diagnosing peracture and acute forms of African horses fever

A

horses dies before their is an antibody response

211
Q

How is African horse sickness controlled

A

eradication in free areas

Vaccination in endemic areas

212
Q

What is a naked icosahedral circular ds_DNA genome

A

Papillomaviridae

213
Q

what virus infects epithelial cells of the skin or mucous membrane

A

papillomaviridae

214
Q

what virus usually cases warts in young animals

A

papillomaviridae

215
Q

T or F Papilloma Viruses are Zoonotic

A

FALSE - they are host specific

216
Q

What is the gross lesion of papilloma virus

A

Common- wart of papilloma

Rare - neoplasia

217
Q

What is the pathogenesis of papillomarvirus

A

exposure to virus and infection in skin or mucous surface
non-productive infection in basal cells
productive infection in upper differentiated epithelial cells

218
Q

What pap virus causes fibropapillomas in cattle

A

1, 2, 3

219
Q

What pap virus causes Equine sarcoid

A

1 & 2

220
Q

What pap virus causes squamous cell carcinoma

A

2,4,5

221
Q

what pap viruses cause papillomas in skin

A

4,5,6,9,10

222
Q

What pap virus cause alimentary papillomas

A

4

223
Q

what pap virus causes pap on udder

A

5

224
Q

What problems do warts cause

A

abraded then bleeding
subject to fly strike
interfere with breeding and milking
co-carcinogens in cattle ingesting braken fern leading to squamous cell carcinoma

225
Q

What is the Dx for bovine papilloma virus

A

gross appearance

PCR can be done to determine type

226
Q

Types of bovine pap virus

A

cutaneous

Esophageal

227
Q

What is a locally aggressive, non-metastatic fibroblastic skin tumor of young horses mules and donkeys

A

Equine Sarcoid

228
Q

What horses are genetically disposed to equine sarcoid

A

Arabians
Appaloosas
QH

229
Q

Sarcoids develop usually 6-8 months after what?

A

skin was traumatized or after a wound had healed

castration is a risk factor

230
Q

T or F Equine sarcoids regress with age

A

FALSE - they do not

231
Q

What is the appearance of a verrucous sarcoid

A

small - wart-like growth

232
Q

What is the appearance of a fibroblastic equine sarcoid

A

range from a fibrous nodule in dermis to an ulcerated mass

233
Q

What is the apperance of an occult equine sarcoid

A

Slow growing type that appears as a thickened area of skin with a roughened surface

234
Q

What does equine papilloma cause

A

cutaneous warts on the muzzle lips and nose of young horses

aural flat warts in ears of horses

235
Q

T or F Equine Papilloma will regree with time

A

TRUe

236
Q

What is type 1 canine pap virus

A

oral pap will regress on its on in young dogs

237
Q

What pap viruses cause skin warts in older dogs

A

2,3, & 4

238
Q

Where does the large dsDNA pox virus replicate

A

Cytoplasm

239
Q

What are the 2 infectious particles of pox

A

Intracellular mature virus

Extracellular enveloped virus

240
Q

What do pox virus cause

A

epitheliotropic so they infect epidermis and cause skin lesions some systemic disease

241
Q

Is pox virus stable in the environment

A

YES hardy and can last for years in the dust

242
Q

T or F you need good CMI for protection from pox virus

A

TRUE - antibodies are poorly protective

243
Q

what is the source of pox infection for a navie host

A

virus shed in scabs in pastures, stalls, or corrals

244
Q

WHat are the classic lessions for pox virus

A

Pock

Viroplasms

245
Q

What are the diagnostic test for pox virus

A

Electron microscopy - to find virons
PCR
Cultivation in cell cultures, pock lesions in embryonating eggs
inclusions on histology - viroplasmas
Serologic screening test - serum neutralization (ELISA)

246
Q

What are the 2 pox viruses that are zoonotic

A

Orthopox

Parapox

247
Q

What are the capripox FAD

A

sheeppox
Goatpox
Lumpy skin

248
Q

how is sheep and goat pox transmitted

A

aerosol
abraded skin
fomites

249
Q

how is lumpy skin transmitted

A

arthropod bite (flies, midges, mosquitos)

250
Q

What is the source of Capripox

A 
Saliva
respiratory secretions
milk
urine
feces
skin lesions
251
Q

Pathogenesis of capripox

A

incoulated by virus
replication in lymphoid tissue
leukocyte - associated virema
dissemination of keratinocytes, epi, endothelial,

252
Q

where does dessemination occur with sheep & goat pox

A

pneumonia pock mucosal lessions

253
Q

where does dessimeniation occur with lumpy skin disease

A

dermal subdermal granulomas

254
Q

The inverted conical area of necrosis in lumpy skin lesion is called

A

sit - fast

255
Q

What is sheepox mortality

A

80-100% death in lambs

50% in adults

256
Q

What cases economic losses with sheepox

A

decreased milk, meat,
wool and hide damage
inability to transport

257
Q

what is control method of capripox

A

eradication

vaccination with attenuated vaccines

258
Q

What vaccine was used to vaccinate for small pox

A

Orthopox virus - Vaccinia virus

Cowpox by Edward Jenner

259
Q

What has Vaccinia virus been used in research

A

vector for oral rabies vaccine

recombinant DNA research to insert foreign DNA sequences into genome

260
Q

When humans were vaccinated with Orthopox Vaccina what disease did it cause

A

swinepox

261
Q

Cowpox hosts

A 
cows
humans
feilds
anteaters
Rodents - Reservior
262
Q

how is cowpox directly transmitted

A 
Rodent = cat
Cat = cat
Cat = human
cow = cow during milking
263
Q

Cowpox lesions on cats

A

fever
ulcerated skin nodules
pneumonia

264
Q

cowpox lesions on cows

A

udder and teat ulcers and vesicles

265
Q

cowpox lesions on humans

A

pock on face or hands

266
Q

Hosts of monkeypox

A

African rodents are reservoir host

squirrels, nonhuman primates, humans

267
Q

what pox outbreak occured in 2003 in 5 states

A

MONKEY - bc Prairie dogs (25% vet persons)

before then was only in rain forest of central and west Africa

268
Q

What was transmission circle in 2003 monkeypox

A

gambian pouched rat
paririe dog
humans

269
Q

What is clinical signs of monkeypox in humans

A

fever
swollen lymph nodes
blister rash on skin
similar to small pox

270
Q

What is clinical signs of monkeypox in pocket pets

A

cough or pneumonia
eye and nose discharge
large L nodes
skin bumps or rash

271
Q

What causes smallpox

A

Variola virus an Orthopox

272
Q

What is the most common zoonoses

A

Contagious pustular dermatitis Virus (ORF)

273
Q

WHo are the host for ORF

A

sheep
goats
humans

274
Q

Short term immunity problems with ORF

A

adults are re-infected and shed virus for a long time

lambs are not protected with cloistral antibodies

275
Q

Orf in humans

A

painful

slow - healing nodules on the hands arms and face

276
Q

How is Orf controlled

A

autogenoues vaccination of ewes prior to lambing which is where most human exposure occurs

277
Q

What lesions occur in bovine papular stomatitis virus

A

papules on muzzle inside nostrils and on buccal mucosa

Nodules on hands of humans spread by milking

278
Q

What is pseudocowpox

A

endemic in many herds with only 10% clinical signs (horseshoe shapped red lesion on teats)

279
Q

Pseudocowpox zoonoses

A

milkers nodule on hand or face

280
Q

What does leporipoxvirus in rabbits causes

A

mxyoma virus - lethal in europen rabbits, endemic in wild rabbits
fibroma virus - endemic wild, cutanous fibromas

281
Q

What does myxoma virus cause

A

myxomatosis in europen rabbits swelling all over
conjunctivities
high mortality and morbidity

282
Q

What is used to diagnose Myxoma

A

PCR

attenuated vaccines

283
Q

Rabbit Fibroma Virus

A

benign skin tumors
transmitted by mosquitoes
common skin tumor in pet rabbits

284
Q

What is the mechanical vector for swinepox

A

Hematopinus - hog louse

mangement - vector control

285
Q

What type of virus is Bovine herpes 2 Bovine ulcerative mammilitis

A

alpha-herpes

enveloped iscoshderal DNA virus

286
Q

where does bovine herpes 2 establish latency

A

sensory neurons

287
Q

how is bovine ulcerative mammilitis diagnosed

A

virus isolation for active infection

serum neutralization for recent infection

Virology (4 decks)

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