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PHARM 232 Final > Virology and Mycology (1) > Flashcards

Virology and Mycology (1) Flashcards

1
Q

If a surface is sterile from bacteria is it sterile from virus ?

A

No

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of non-enveloped polyhedral virus? What is its shape?

A

Shape: Icosahedron

Adenovirus
Rhinovirus

Differentiate by performing a throat culture

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3
Q

Adenovirus
Causes what infections?
Symptoms similar to what condition?
How do you differentiate between the 2?

A

Causes: infections of UPPER respiratory tract
eg. bronchiolitis, pneumo
Viral can be meningitis, or encephailitis

Symptoms of tonsilitis very similar to strep throat - throat cultures

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4
Q

Rhinovirus
Causes what infection
Similar to what?

A

Causes what infection
- common cold

Similar to what?
- similar to flu

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5
Q

What is a unique feature of enveloped virus? Shape?

A

Shape: sphere

envelope allows binding to receptors on host cell membranes (using glycoproteins)

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6
Q

What are 3 examples of enveloped virus. Give specific examples of
DNA viruses
RNA viruses
Retroviruses

A

DNA viruses: herpes virus, hepatitis B virus

RNA virus: ebola, rabies, hepatitis C virus, flu, corona,

Retroviruses: RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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7
Q

What family does COVID-19 belong to?

A

Betacoronavirus

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8
Q

Shape of helical virus? Virus Examples?

A
  • long rods

Ebola, Rabies

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9
Q

Shape of complex virus

A

Shape: polyhedral + helical shape
- may have head-tail morphology

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10
Q

Example of complex viruses (2) MOA?

A

Bacteriophages
- head is icosahedral and tail is helical
- attaches to bacteria –> makes hole in cell wall –> inserts DNA into cell

Variola virus
- causes smallpox DIFFERENT than chickenpox
- spread through inhalation or contact

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11
Q

Which STI virus causes mono (mononucleosis), swollen glands

A

Epstein-Barr virus EBV

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12
Q

Which STI virus causes damage to the liver and has lower abdomen pain

A

Hepatitis B

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13
Q

Which virus causes genital herpes and has sores on the genitals?

A

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

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14
Q

Which virus causes genital warts?

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

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15
Q

Which viral disease causes swollen glands in throat/armpit/groin, fever, fatigue

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Aids

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16
Q

What is the MOA and the diseases that help with the following antivirals?
Oseltamivir
Enfuvirtide
Acyclovir
Saquinavir
Remedsivir

A

Oseltamivir
- Flu A/B

Enfuvirtide
- Anti-HIV

Acyclovir
- HSV, chickenpox, shingles
- prevent viral D

Saquinavir
- Used with other drugs for treating HIV/AIDs
- Protease inhibitor

Remedsivir
- broad spectrum

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17
Q

What is the common first symptom for each illness?
COVID
FLU
Common Cold (rhinosinusitis)

A

COVID
- Fever

FLU
- Cough

Common Cold (rhinosinusitis)
- Sore throat

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18
Q

Funghi characteristics
Prokaryotic/eukaryotic
Aerobes/anerobes
Chemotroph/autotroph
Cell wall/no cell wall
Membrane made of?

A

eukaryotic
anerobes (obligate or facultative)
Chemotroph
Cell wall
Membrane made of: ergosterol

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19
Q

Functions of fungi (most are beneficial)
(4)

A
  • Break down/recycle organic matter
  • Food and spirits production
  • Provide antibiotics
  • Model systems for investigating many eukaryotic processes
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20
Q

What are most fungal infections classified as?
Endogenous/Exogenous?
Exception?

A

EXOGENOUS

Exception
- candidiasis, dermatophytosis (caused by normal flora)

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21
Q

What are 2 basic forms fungi can grow in?

A
  • Yeast
  • Mold
22
Q

What do hyphae look like?

A
  • Tubular, branching filaments
23
Q

What do spores fungi do?

A

They are structures with enhanced survival value such as resistance to adverse conditions

24
Q

Explain conidia fungi structures

A

Asexual reproductive structures
- can be formed on hyphae

25
Q

Explain blastoconidia structures

A

budded cell from a mother yeast cell

26
Q

Explain Arthroconidia structure

A

Fungal SPORE formed by segmentation of hyphal cells

27
Q

Explain chlamydioconidia structures

A

form ALONG the hypha, round-thick
- can be larger than the hypha

28
Q

Explain phialoconidia

A

Conidia formed by a phialide (vase-shaped)

29
Q

Explain Sporangiospores

A

Spores formed on the inside of a special fruiting structure

30
Q

What are examples of virulence factors of fungal colonization (4)

A
  1. Adherence
  2. Capsules: to resist phagocytic engulfment
  3. Enzymes: secreted by fungi to attack host substrates
  4. Melanin: acts like armour for fungi
31
Q

What are the 3 superficial mycoses (fungal infections)

A

PTP
1. Pityriasis Versicolor
2. Tinea Nigra
3. Piedra

32
Q

Pityriasis Versicolor
Causative agent
Location (symptoms)
How to diagnose it? (3)
What will examination reveal? (2)

A

Causative agent
- Malassezia furfur

Location (symptoms)
- Chest, back, abdomen

How to diagnose it?
- Take infected skin and treat it with 10-20% KOH (breaks down the skin, leaves fungi intact) OR
- Use calcofluor white STAIN, or Wood’s lamp (to observe fluorescence of lesions)

Examination
- Short UNbranched hyphae
- spherical cells

33
Q

Tinea Nigra
Causative agent
Location (symptom colour)
How to Diagnose
What will examination reveal? (2)

A

Causative agent
- Exophiala weneckii

Location:
- palm of hand
- dark/ brown lesions, discolouration

How to Diagnose
- Take skin scrapings from the lesion (no KOH)

Examination
- branched, septate, hyphae
- Budding yeast cells with melaninized cell walls

34
Q

Piedra
Location?

A

Viral infection on the hair

35
Q

Cutaneous mycoses Dermatophytosis
Causative agents (3)
Location
How is it acquired? (2)
Where does it grow best

A

Causative agents (3) (MET)
- Microsporum
- Epidermophyton
- Trichophyton

Location
- Keratinized tissue (skin, hair, nails)

How is it acquired?
- contact with soil OR infected animals/humans
- produce ring-life lesions (ringworm)

Where does it grow best
- grow on outside of skin because it is closer to growth temperature
- will NOT find in serum blood

36
Q

Location of the following cutaneous mycoses
Tinea capitis
Tinea barbae
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris or jock itch
Tinea pedis
Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)

A

Tinea capitis
- scalp/hair

Tinea barbae
- beard/moustache

Tinea corporis
- non-hairy smooth skin

Tinea cruris or jock itch
- groin

Tinea pedis
- athletes foot (toe webs)

Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)
- infection of nails
- can be followed if prolonged tinea pedis

37
Q

How are cutaneous mycoses diagnosed?
How do we detect skin/nails? Hair?

A
  1. Place specimen on slide with a drop of 10-20% KOH
    - can add calcofluor white (for fluorescent observation)

Microscopic observations
- Skin/nails: look for branching hyphae
- Hair: branching hyphae OR spores

38
Q

What culture (agar) do we use on cutaneous mycoses?

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar **SPECIFIC FOR FUNGI
- incubated at room temp. for up to 3 weeks

39
Q

Lab diagnosis of cutaenous mycoses (3)

A
  1. Specimen (from skin, nail, hair)
  2. Microscopic examination
  3. Culture
40
Q

T/F superficial and cutaneous mycoses are commonly invasive

A

False

41
Q

Where are majority of subcutaneous mycoses found? (2)
What type of fungi is the initial infection usually by?

A

Found: soil, vegetation

Initial infection
- traumatic implantation (minor cuts/scratches) of SAPROBIC fungi

42
Q

What are the 2 subcutaneous mycoses?

A
  1. Sporotrichosis
  2. Eumycetoma
43
Q

Sporotrichosis
Causative fungi
Location?
Dimorphic (explain)/ Not dimorphic

A

Causative fungi
- Sporothris schenckii

Location?
- nodular, ulcerating skin + subc tissue

Dimorphic
- body temp: YEAST
- outside body temp: MOLD

44
Q

Eumycetoma
Location?
Cause?
Dimorphic (explain)/ Not dimorphic

A

Location?
- mycetoma of the foot (madura foot)

Cause?
- formation of abscesses + draining of sinus tract
- contain hard granules composed of hyphae + inflammatory tissue

Not dimorphic

45
Q

Endemic (systemic) Mycoses’
How is it aquired?
Transmissible/ non-transmissible
Dimorphic (explain)/ Not dimorphic

A

How is it aquired?
- pulmonary lesions through airborne dust containing fungi
- typically related to geography

non-transmissible
Dimorphic

46
Q

What are the 4 endemic fungal pathogens?

A
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Blastomycosis
  • Coccidiodomycosis
  • Paracoccidioidomycosis
47
Q

Histoplasmosis
Geography location?
Clinical findings?
Dimorphic states?

A

Geography location?
- Ohio, Mississippi River valleys

Clinical findings?
- Lung lesions
- can lead to granulomas in liver and spleen

Dimorphic states?
<37C: brown MOLD
After inhalation: YEAST cells

48
Q

Blastomycosis
Geography location?
Clinical findings?
Dimorphic states?

A

Geography location?
- Central America, USA, Canada, Asia, Africa

Clinical findings?
- Ulcerated/ granulomatous lesions of the skin

Dimorphic states?
room temp (culture): MOLD (branching, septate hyphae)
In tissues: LARGE YEAST (thick wall, broad based buds)
- blastoconidia

49
Q

Coccidiodoymcosis
Geography location?
Clinical findings?
Dimorphic states?

A

Geography location?
- SW US, Latin america

Clinical findings?
- Valley fever
- fever cough, fatigue, red/brown rash

Dimorphic states?
- in sand: arthroconidia (fungal spore formed by hyphal cells)
- Body temp: large spherules –> release endospores

50
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis
Geography location?
Clinical findings?

A

Geography location?
- Latin America, BRAZIL

Clinical findings?
- ulcerated lesions of the face and mouth

51
Q

What can be used to diagnose endemic mycoses (3)

A
  1. Specimens
    - KOH or calcofluor white stain
  2. Culture
  3. Serological and skin testing

PHARM 232 Final (5 decks)

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