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PHARM 232 Final > Virology and Mycology (1) > Flashcards

Virology and Mycology (1) Flashcards

1
Q

If a surface is sterile from bacteria is it sterile from virus ?

A

No

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of non-enveloped polyhedral virus? What is its shape?

A

Shape: Icosahedron

Adenovirus
Rhinovirus

Differentiate by performing a throat culture

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3
Q

Adenovirus
Causes what infections?
Symptoms similar to what condition?
How do you differentiate between the 2?

A

Causes: infections of UPPER respiratory tract
eg. bronchiolitis, pneumo
Viral can be meningitis, or encephailitis

Symptoms of tonsilitis very similar to strep throat - throat cultures

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4
Q

Rhinovirus
Causes what infection
Similar to what?

A

Causes what infection
- common cold

Similar to what?
- similar to flu

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5
Q

What is a unique feature of enveloped virus? Shape?

A

Shape: sphere

envelope allows binding to receptors on host cell membranes (using glycoproteins)

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6
Q

What are 3 examples of enveloped virus. Give specific examples of
DNA viruses
RNA viruses
Retroviruses

A

DNA viruses: herpes virus, hepatitis B virus

RNA virus: ebola, rabies, hepatitis C virus, flu, corona,

Retroviruses: RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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7
Q

What family does COVID-19 belong to?

A

Betacoronavirus

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8
Q

Shape of helical virus? Virus Examples?

A
  • long rods

Ebola, Rabies

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9
Q

Shape of complex virus

A

Shape: polyhedral + helical shape
- may have head-tail morphology

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10
Q

Example of complex viruses (2) MOA?

A

Bacteriophages
- head is icosahedral and tail is helical
- attaches to bacteria –> makes hole in cell wall –> inserts DNA into cell

Variola virus
- causes smallpox DIFFERENT than chickenpox
- spread through inhalation or contact

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11
Q

Which STI virus causes mono (mononucleosis), swollen glands

A

Epstein-Barr virus EBV

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12
Q

Which STI virus causes damage to the liver and has lower abdomen pain

A

Hepatitis B

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13
Q

Which virus causes genital herpes and has sores on the genitals?

A

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

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14
Q

Which virus causes genital warts?

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

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15
Q

Which viral disease causes swollen glands in throat/armpit/groin, fever, fatigue

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Aids

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16
Q

What is the MOA and the diseases that help with the following antivirals?
Oseltamivir
Enfuvirtide
Acyclovir
Saquinavir
Remedsivir

A

Oseltamivir
- Flu A/B

Enfuvirtide
- Anti-HIV

Acyclovir
- HSV, chickenpox, shingles
- prevent viral D

Saquinavir
- Used with other drugs for treating HIV/AIDs
- Protease inhibitor

Remedsivir
- broad spectrum

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17
Q

What is the common first symptom for each illness?
COVID
FLU
Common Cold (rhinosinusitis)

A

COVID
- Fever

FLU
- Cough

Common Cold (rhinosinusitis)
- Sore throat

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18
Q

Funghi characteristics
Prokaryotic/eukaryotic
Aerobes/anerobes
Chemotroph/autotroph
Cell wall/no cell wall
Membrane made of?

A

eukaryotic
anerobes (obligate or facultative)
Chemotroph
Cell wall
Membrane made of: ergosterol

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19
Q

Functions of fungi (most are beneficial)
(4)

A
  • Break down/recycle organic matter
  • Food and spirits production
  • Provide antibiotics
  • Model systems for investigating many eukaryotic processes
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20
Q

What are most fungal infections classified as?
Endogenous/Exogenous?
Exception?

A

EXOGENOUS

Exception
- candidiasis, dermatophytosis (caused by normal flora)

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21
Q

What are 2 basic forms fungi can grow in?

A
  • Yeast
  • Mold
22
Q

What do hyphae look like?

A
  • Tubular, branching filaments
23
Q

What do spores fungi do?

A

They are structures with enhanced survival value such as resistance to adverse conditions

24
Q

Explain conidia fungi structures

A

Asexual reproductive structures
- can be formed on hyphae

25
Explain blastoconidia structures
budded cell from a mother yeast cell
26
Explain Arthroconidia structure
Fungal SPORE formed by segmentation of hyphal cells
27
Explain chlamydioconidia structures
form ALONG the hypha, round-thick - can be larger than the hypha
28
Explain phialoconidia
Conidia formed by a phialide (vase-shaped)
29
Explain Sporangiospores
Spores formed on the inside of a special fruiting structure
30
What are examples of virulence factors of fungal colonization (4)
1. Adherence 2. Capsules: to resist phagocytic engulfment 3. Enzymes: secreted by fungi to attack host substrates 4. Melanin: acts like armour for fungi
31
What are the 3 superficial mycoses (fungal infections)
PTP 1. Pityriasis Versicolor 2. Tinea Nigra 3. Piedra
32
Pityriasis Versicolor Causative agent Location (symptoms) How to diagnose it? (3) What will examination reveal? (2)
Causative agent - Malassezia furfur Location (symptoms) - Chest, back, abdomen How to diagnose it? - Take infected skin and treat it with 10-20% KOH (breaks down the skin, leaves fungi intact) OR - Use calcofluor white STAIN, or Wood's lamp (to observe fluorescence of lesions) Examination - Short UNbranched hyphae - spherical cells
33
Tinea Nigra Causative agent Location (symptom colour) How to Diagnose What will examination reveal? (2)
Causative agent - Exophiala weneckii Location: - palm of hand - dark/ brown lesions, discolouration How to Diagnose - Take skin scrapings from the lesion (no KOH) Examination - branched, septate, hyphae - Budding yeast cells with melaninized cell walls
34
Piedra Location?
Viral infection on the hair
35
Cutaneous mycoses Dermatophytosis Causative agents (3) Location How is it acquired? (2) Where does it grow best
Causative agents (3) (MET) - Microsporum - Epidermophyton - Trichophyton Location - Keratinized tissue (skin, hair, nails) How is it acquired? - contact with soil OR infected animals/humans - produce ring-life lesions (ringworm) Where does it grow best - grow on outside of skin because it is closer to growth temperature - will NOT find in serum blood
36
Location of the following cutaneous mycoses Tinea capitis Tinea barbae Tinea corporis Tinea cruris or jock itch Tinea pedis Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)
Tinea capitis - scalp/hair Tinea barbae - beard/moustache Tinea corporis - non-hairy smooth skin Tinea cruris or jock itch - groin Tinea pedis - athletes foot (toe webs) Tinea unguium (onychomycosis) - infection of nails - can be followed if prolonged tinea pedis
37
How are cutaneous mycoses diagnosed? How do we detect skin/nails? Hair?
1. Place specimen on slide with a drop of 10-20% KOH - can add calcofluor white (for fluorescent observation) Microscopic observations - Skin/nails: look for branching hyphae - Hair: branching hyphae OR spores
38
What culture (agar) do we use on cutaneous mycoses?
Sabouraud dextrose agar **SPECIFIC FOR FUNGI - incubated at room temp. for up to 3 weeks
39
Lab diagnosis of cutaenous mycoses (3)
1. Specimen (from skin, nail, hair) 2. Microscopic examination 3. Culture
40
T/F superficial and cutaneous mycoses are commonly invasive
False
41
Where are majority of subcutaneous mycoses found? (2) What type of fungi is the initial infection usually by?
Found: soil, vegetation Initial infection - traumatic implantation (minor cuts/scratches) of SAPROBIC fungi
42
What are the 2 subcutaneous mycoses?
1. Sporotrichosis 2. Eumycetoma
43
Sporotrichosis Causative fungi Location? Dimorphic (explain)/ Not dimorphic
Causative fungi - Sporothris schenckii Location? - nodular, ulcerating skin + subc tissue Dimorphic - body temp: YEAST - outside body temp: MOLD
44
Eumycetoma Location? Cause? Dimorphic (explain)/ Not dimorphic
Location? - mycetoma of the foot (madura foot) Cause? - formation of abscesses + draining of sinus tract - contain hard granules composed of hyphae + inflammatory tissue Not dimorphic
45
Endemic (systemic) Mycoses' How is it aquired? Transmissible/ non-transmissible Dimorphic (explain)/ Not dimorphic
How is it aquired? - pulmonary lesions through airborne dust containing fungi - typically related to geography non-transmissible Dimorphic
46
What are the 4 endemic fungal pathogens?
- Histoplasmosis - Blastomycosis - Coccidiodomycosis - Paracoccidioidomycosis
47
Histoplasmosis Geography location? Clinical findings? Dimorphic states?
Geography location? - Ohio, Mississippi River valleys Clinical findings? - Lung lesions - can lead to granulomas in liver and spleen Dimorphic states? <37C: brown MOLD After inhalation: YEAST cells
48
Blastomycosis Geography location? Clinical findings? Dimorphic states?
Geography location? - Central America, USA, Canada, Asia, Africa Clinical findings? - Ulcerated/ granulomatous lesions of the skin Dimorphic states? room temp (culture): MOLD (branching, septate hyphae) In tissues: LARGE YEAST (thick wall, broad based buds) - blastoconidia
49
Coccidiodoymcosis Geography location? Clinical findings? Dimorphic states?
Geography location? - SW US, Latin america Clinical findings? - Valley fever - fever cough, fatigue, red/brown rash Dimorphic states? - in sand: arthroconidia (fungal spore formed by hyphal cells) - Body temp: large spherules --> release endospores
50
Paracoccidioidomycosis Geography location? Clinical findings?
Geography location? - Latin America, BRAZIL Clinical findings? - ulcerated lesions of the face and mouth
51
What can be used to diagnose endemic mycoses (3)
1. Specimens - KOH or calcofluor white stain 2. Culture 3. Serological and skin testing

PHARM 232 Final (5 decks)

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