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CSIM > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three requirements for classification as a virus?

A
  1. Sub-microscopic entity
  2. Single nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
  3. Obligate intracellular parasite
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2
Q

What are the 6 stages in virus life cycle?

A

Attachment, entry, replication and protein synthesis, assembly and release

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3
Q

Define viral pathogenicity

A

The severity of disease caused by different viruses

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4
Q

Define viral virulence

A

The severity of disease caused by different strains of the same virus

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5
Q

5 types of viral replication (ie single strand RNA, double strand DNA etc)

A
  1. Single strand RNA positive sense-the viral RNA can be used directly to make protein
  2. Single strand RNA negative sense-the viral RNA must be transcribed to positive sense (complimentary base pairing) and then is used to make protein
  3. Double stranded DNA-same as human replication but using viral enzymes (important in antivirals)
  4. Double stranded RNA-only example is rotavirus
  5. Retrovirus-genome is transcribed to double stranded DNA using reverse transcriptase then integrated into the host genome using integrase
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6
Q

What is the stage of the viral life cycle most commonly targeted by antivirals?

A

Replication

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7
Q

Define incubation period

A

The time between becoming infected with virus and symptom onset

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8
Q

Define generation time

A

The time between virus exposure and becoming infected to others

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9
Q

Define reproductive number

A

The number of subsequent infections in a susceptible population that can be caused by a viral illness in 1 individual during the infective period

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10
Q

What are the 5 patterns of viral illness?

A

Acute, subclinical, persistent and chronic, latent (acute and then persistent latent) and slowly progressive (the disease takes years to manifest)

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11
Q

What are the two types of rash and the relevance of them in diagnosis?

A

Maculopapular rash-the rash is caused by the immune response to the virus rather than the virus itself so cannot be used in diagnosis
Vesicular rash-can diagnose from the rash alone based on location, stage etc

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12
Q

What nucleic acid are measles, mumps and rubella? How are they transmitted?

A

All are single stranded RNA viruses (measles and mumps are negative sense and rubella is positive sense)
Respiratory transmission

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13
Q

What is the prodrome of measles?

What else will you see in an infected individual?

A

The 3C’s-conjunctivitis, cough and coryza.

Koplik spots, person will be very unwell(fever, malaise and anorexia)

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14
Q

What is the incubation period of measles?

What is the infectious period?

A

Incubation period-10 to 14 days

Infectious period-2 days before the rash until 10 days after

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15
Q

Complications of Measles infection

A

Secondary bacterial infection, encephalitis (10 days after) and sub-acute sclerosing encephalitis (6-8years after infection)

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16
Q

What are the risk groups in measles infection?

A

Immunocompromised, pregnancy and neonates

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17
Q

What is the incubation period of rubella?

What is the infectious period?

A

IP-14 to 21 days

Infectious 7 days before the rash until 7 days after

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18
Q

What are the complications of rubella?

A

Congenital rubella syndrome!-before 12 weeks risks serious malformation (so termination is offered) and 13-16weeks risks sensorineural hearing loss
arthralgia

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19
Q

What are the other names for Parvovirus B19?

A

Slapped cheek disease, fifth disease, erythema infectiosum

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20
Q

What is the incubation period for Parvovirus B19?

What is the infectious period?

A

IP-14 to 21 days

Infectious 7 days before the rash until the day the rash appears (so infection control is impossible)

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21
Q

What type of virus is Parvovirus B19?

A

Single stranded DNA

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22
Q

What does Parvovirus B19 infect, in that case who is at risk in infection?

A

Infects RBC progenitors, therefore risk in haemolytic disorders where it can precipitate an aplastic crisis

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23
Q

Risk groups in Parvovirus B19 infection

A

Haemolytic disorders-aplastic crisis
Immunocompromised
Pregnancy-if infection at less than 20weeks hydrops foetalis

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24
Q

What are the complications of HHV6 and HHV7?

A

Encephalitis and in transplant

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25
Q

What is the clinical presentation of mumps infection?

A

Parotiditis, fever, malaise and thyroiditis

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26
Q

What are the possible complications of mumps infection?

A

Pancreatitis, orchitis, oophoritis and aseptic meningitis

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27
Q

What is the viral classification of Herpes Viruses?

A

All are double stranded DNA viruses with an envelope.

Part of the herpesviridae family

28
Q

What is the life cycle of HSV1 and HSV2?

A

infection in epithelial cells, latent in nerve cell bodies and then reinfection in the same epithelial cells

29
Q

What is the general life cycle of herpes viruses?

A

Initial infection, latency and then reactivation

30
Q

What are the complications of HHV1 and HHV2 infection?

A

Secondary bacterial infection, corneal ulceration, meningitis (HSV2) and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSV1)

31
Q

What are the risk groups in HHV1 and HHV2 infection?

A

Immunocompromised and neonates

32
Q

What is the life cycle of Varicella Zoster Virus?

A

Primary infection in lymph nodes, moves to organs and then disseminates in skin.
Latent in nerve cell bodies and then reactivation in the skin.

33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of primary VZV infection?

A

Chickenpox-a vesicular rash in a centripetal distribution with crops of lesions at different stages

34
Q

How is primary VZV infection transmitted?

A

Respiratory transmission or through close, direct contact with the rash

35
Q

What is the incubation period and infectious period of primary VZV infection?

A

IP-8 to 21 days.

Infectious from 2 days before the rash until the vesicles crust over.

36
Q

What are the possible complications of primary VZV infection?

A

Sepsis, Varicella pneumonia, cerebellar ataxia (because latent in nerve cell bodies) and varicella encephalitis

37
Q

What are the at risk groups in primary VZV infection?

A

Immunocompromised, neonates and pregnancy

38
Q

What is clinical presentation of VZV reactivation?

A

Shingles-a dermatomal rash. Opthalmic Zoster.

39
Q

What are the complications of VZV reactivation?

A

Neuralgia, sepsis, ocular problems (Opthalmic zoster), encephalitis, meningitis and myelitis

40
Q

What is the single risk group for VZV reactivation?

A

Immunocompromised-multi-dermatomal rash

41
Q

When is the VZV indicated?

A

IgG negative contacts of immunocompromised children, healthcare workers and those over 70 (for shingles)

42
Q

What is a complication/risk group for CMV infection?

A

Pregnancy-congenital CMV (7% born with symptoms)

43
Q

What is the histological identifier of CMV infection?

A

Owl’s eye inclusions

44
Q

What does EBV infect?

A

B lymphocytes

45
Q

What is the clinical presentation of EBV infection? What is the implication of this?

A

In adolescence infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and splenomegaly.
Cannot let them play contact sport for around 6 weeks afterwards because of the risk of splenic rupture

46
Q

How is EBV diagnosed?

A

Monospot test-heterophile antibodies

47
Q

What can EBV be associated with?

A

Cancers-lymphoproliferative (eg Burkitt’s lymphoma) and also nasopharyngeal

48
Q

What is the other name for HHV8?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma associated HHV.

49
Q

What is the clinical presentation of infection with HHV6and HHV7?

A

A rash as fever settles

50
Q

What are the complications/risk groups for HHV6 and 7?

A

Febrile convulsions and encephalitis. Risk of generalised infection including neutropenia in the immunocompromised

51
Q

What is the clinical presentation of infection with chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Most are asymptomatic.
D-K serotypes-nongonococcal urethritis (mucoid discharge), cervicitis, vaginal discharge, endometriotis
L serotype-lymphogranuloma venerum (an invasive STI)-transient papules and painful inguinal and perirectal lymph swellings

52
Q

What is the treatment for Chlamydia?

A

Single dose of azithromycin 1mg. OR

Doxycycline 100mg twice daily for 7 days

53
Q

What is the classification of Nisseria Gonorrhoea?

A

Gram negative diplococci

54
Q

What is the clinical presentation of nisseria gonorrhoea?

A

50% women and 5% are asymptomatic
Men-urethritis and dysuria
Women-endocervical infection (discharge) and pelvic inflammatory disease
Neonatal Conjunctivitis

55
Q

What is the treatment for nisseria gonorrhoea?

A

Ceftriaxone and azithromycin

56
Q

What is the causative organism of syphilis?

A

Treponema Pallidum-a gram negative spirochete

57
Q

What is the clinical presentation of syphilis?

A

A systemic disease!
Primary syphilis-primary chancre 3 weeks post infection
Secondary syphilis-red, maculopapular rash (including on the hands and feet), 6 weeks after the primary chancre
Tertiary syphilis-dementia and gummata (small soft swelling that can effect any organ)

58
Q

What are the 4 most clinically relevant serotypes of HPV?

A

6 and 11-associated with warts

16 and 18-association with cervical cancer

59
Q

Two main causes of viral gastroenteritis? Which do we vaccinate against?

A

Rotavirus and norovirus. Vaccinate against rotavirus.

60
Q

What is the incubation periods of rotavirus and norovirus?

A

Rotavirus-48 hours and symptoms last 4-8days

Norovirus-1to2days and symptoms last 1to2days

61
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Influenza A.
Re-assortment of the segmented genome in a non-human host causes HA and NA surface proteins completely different to those seen before.
Causes pandemics eg Swine flu, Spanish flu

62
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Small point mutations in the HA and NA genes causes gradual changes in the proteins.
The cause of yearly epidemics

63
Q

What is the major population group to be concerned about in RSV?

A

Under 6 months

64
Q

What type of virus is influenza?

A

Negative strand RNA

65
Q

What type of virus is RSV?

A

Enveloped RNA

66
Q

What do the different parainfluenza strains cause?

A

hPIV 1 and 2-croup

hPIV III-bronchiolitis and pneumonia

67
Q

What is the patient group you worry about in PIV?

A

T-cell defective patients.

CSIM (4 decks)

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