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Microbiology USMLE step 1 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA viruses

A
  • Enveloped capsule viruses:
  • Poxvirus
  • Herpesvirus
  • Hepadna
  • Naked DNA
  • Adenovirus
  • Papilloma
  • Parvovirus

They are double strand DNA (dsDNA) , in exception of parvovirus wich is ssDNA.

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2
Q

RNA viruses

A
  • Encapsulated
  • Paramyxovirus
  • Rhabdovirus
  • Orthmyxovirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Togavirus
  • Flavivirus
  • Naked RNA viruses
  • Reovirus
  • Calicivirus
  • Picornavirus

They are ssRNA, except Reoviridae

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3
Q

Viral replication

A
  • DNA viruses : replicate in the nucleus (except Poxvirus)
  • RNA viruses: replicate in the cytoplasm (except influenza virus and retroviruses)

Process of the viral replication:

1) Attachment: viruses bind through specific interaction with the host cell surface components.

2) Penetration
3) Uncoating: release of nucleic acid
4) Macromolecular synthesis
5) Post-translational modification of proteins
6) Assembly
7) Release

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4
Q

Viral vaccines

A
  • Live attenuated vaccines : induce humoral and cell-meadiated immunity. Smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, chickenpox, Sabin polio virus, MMR, influenza (intranasal)
  • Killed: Induce only humoral immunity. Rabies, influenza (injected), Salk Polio, HAV vac.
  • Subunit: HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18)
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5
Q

Herpesviruses

  • DNA virus, enveloped, double strand, linear genoma
A
  • Herpes simplex virus-1
  • Herpes simplex virus -2
  • Varicella- Zoster virus
  • Epstein Barr
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Human herpes viruses 6 and 7
  • Human herpes virus 8
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6
Q

Most common cause of encephalitis

A

Herpes virus simplex-1

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7
Q

Herpes simplex virus 1

A

Transmission: Respiratory secretions, saliva
Latent: trigeminal ganglia
Clinical significance: Gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, herpes labialis, encephalitis.

Encephalitis : altered mental status, seizures, blindness, and/or aphasia.

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8
Q

Herpes simplex 2

A

Transmission : sexual contact, perianal

Latent: sacral ganglia

Clinical significance: Herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes. Painful genital vesicles. Viral meningitis.

Treatment: acyclovir

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9
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus

A

Transmission: respiratory droplets

Latent in dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia.

Clinical: chickenpox, shingles, encephalitis. Asynchronous rash

Most complication of shingles is post herpetic neuralgia

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10
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Human herpesvirus 4

A

Transmission: respiratory secretions, saliva. Kissing disease.

Infects B cells through CD21

Clinical significance:
- Mononucleosis: fever, hepatoesplenomegaly, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy (posterior cervical nodes) . Abdominal pain, fatigue, malaise. Headaches, usually retro orbitral
Symptoms can persist within 2-3 weeks.
Avoid contact sports until resolution due to risk of splenic rupture.

-Associated with lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Dx: monopost test positive

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11
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Human herpesvirus 5

A

Transmission: congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant

Infected cells have characteristic owl eye inclusions. Latent in mononuclear cells.

Clinical significance: Mononucleosis with monospot test negative . Congenital CMV
AIDS infection retinitis, hemorrhage, vision loss
Pneumonia in inmunocompromised patients.

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12
Q

Roseola infantum

Exanthem subitum

Human herpes virus 6 and 7

A

High fever for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash.

Transmission: 6: respiratory droplets and saliva
7: saliva

HHV-7 less common cause of roseola

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13
Q

Roseola infantum

Exanthem subitum

Human herpes virus 6 and 7

A

High fever for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash.

The rash is composed of either discrete, small, pale pink papules or a blanchable, maculopapular exanthem that is 1-5 mm in diameter. This rash may last 2 days.

The characteristic enanthem (Nagayama spots) consists of erythematous papules on the mucosa of the soft palate and the base of the uvula. The enanthem may be present on the fourth day in two thirds of patients with roseola.

Transmission: 6: respiratory droplets and saliva
7: saliva

HHV-7 less common cause of roseola

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14
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

Human herpes virus 8

A

Transmission: sexual contact

Disease: Kaposi sarcoma (neoplasm of endothelial cells)

Dark/violaceous plaques or nodules representing vascular proliferation.

Seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients

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15
Q

Herpes simplex virus identification method

A

Tzanck test: a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells.

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16
Q

Poxvirus

A

Enveloped virus with double strand and linear genoma

Smallpox : eradicated worldwide

Molluscum contagiosum: flesh-colored Papule with central umbilication.

Transmission: direct skin contact

Lesions may be located anywhere; however, a predilection for the face, trunk, and extremities is observed in children and a predilection for the groin and genitalia is observed in adults.

17
Q

Adenovirus

A

No envelope, DS and linear DNA

Febrile pharyngitis : sore throat

Acute hemorrhagic cistitis

Pneumonia

Conjunctivitis “pink eye”

Gastroenteritis

It is transmitted via direct inoculation to the conjunctiva, a fecal-oral route, aerosolized droplets, or exposure to infected tissue or blood.

18
Q

Papillomavirus

A

No envelope, DS and Circular DNA

HPV- warts (1,2,6,11)
HPV- cervical cancer (16,18)

19
Q

Polyomavirus

A

No envelope, DS and circular

20
Q

Parvovirus

A

No envelope, SS and linear

B19 virus- fifth disease- Erythema infectiosum: slapped cheeks rash in children
*aplastic crises in sickle cell disease,

Sings and symptoms: they appears after 1 week of exposure to the virus

Headache
Sore throat
Pruritus
Fever
Coriza
Abdominal pain
21
Q

Top five of virus diseases

A 
Firth: measles
Second: varicella
Third: rubella
Fourth: roseola
Fifth: b19- erythema infectiosum
22
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis D

Microbiology USMLE step 1 (8 decks)

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