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Medische Microbiologie > Virologie > Flashcards

Virologie Flashcards

1
Q

2 smallest human infecting viruses

A

hepadnaviruses, circoviruses

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2
Q

largest sort of viruses that infects humans

A

herpesviruses

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3
Q

why are RNA viruses mostly small ?

A

because RNA is unstable

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4
Q

to what family does smallpox virus belong? and give the following of this family: is it enveloped, is it segmented, DNA or RNA?

A
  • family: Poxviridae
  • enveloped
  • unsegmented
  • dsDNA
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5
Q

what is a characteristic for dsDNA viruses, that poxviruses don’t have

A

normally they replicate in the host nucleus, poxviruses have their own machinery and replicate in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

how are non enveloped viruses released from a host cell

A

cell lysis

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7
Q

which 2 receptors does HIV bind on a T cell

A

CCR5 & CD4

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8
Q

give 6 examples of arboviruses

A
  1. Yellow fever virus (YFV)
  2. dengue fever virus (DFV)
  3. chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
  4. west nile virus (WNV)
  5. Zika virus (ZIKV)
  6. japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)

(all are flaviviruses, except for CHICKV; togavirus)

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9
Q

how do arboviruses spread?

A

via insects and ticks

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10
Q

which reservoire do Culex (mosquito) transmitted arboviruses have and what do they cause

A
  • avian reservoire
  • encephalitis
    (e. g., WNV)
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11
Q

which reservoire do Aedes (mosquito) transmitted arboviruses have and what do they cause

A
  • primate reservoirs

- haemorrhagic disease

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12
Q

how does a linear +ssRNA look like at its 3’ and 5’ ends

A
  • 3’ –> no polyA tail but loop formation

- 5’ –> methylated nucleotide cap (to allow translation), or a genome linked protein (VPg)

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13
Q

what 3 structural proteins does dengue virus encode

A
  1. capsid (C)
  2. membrane (M)
  3. envelope (E)
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14
Q

what does CHIKV cause, and is it fatal

A
  • arthritis

- no

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15
Q

what do CHIKV, ZIKV, DENV, YFV have in common, spread wise?

A

they all spread via Aedes mosquitoes

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16
Q

by what type of mosquito does WNV spread?

A

Culex species

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17
Q

what do SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-NL63 have in common

A

they both infect ACE2+ epithelial cells

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18
Q

give genome and virus type of HIV

A

genome: RNA

virus type: retrovirus

19
Q

what structure protects Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase?

A

capsid: made of gag proteins

20
Q

what protein limits HIV viral DNA insertion in the genome

A

viral rev protein

21
Q

what are the 2 envelope proteins in HIV

A

glycoproteins (gp) 120 & 41

22
Q

what is the difference between simple and complex retroviruses

A

both have: gag-pol-env sequence

but complex has additional accessory proteins

23
Q

difference latent and lytic infection

A 
latent = silent; few replication
lytic = active; much replication
24
Q

what type of herpesvirus is varicella zoster virus (VZV), which 2 diseases does it cause and which is the primary infection

A
  • alpha herpesvirus
  • varicella –> primary infection
  • herpes zoster –> secondary infection
25
Q

what compound makes EBV oncogenic and which pathways can it interfere with

A
  • latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)

- MAPK, JNK, PI3K, NF-kB

26
Q

where does gamma herpesvirus HHV-8 settle and how is it transmitted

A

oral cavity, transmitted via saliva

27
Q

difference HHV-6 and 7

A

HHV-7 can’t integrate into host genome, because it lacks U94

28
Q

how and which cells does norovirus infect

A
  • intestinal bacteria

- binds to: membrane, pili, or HBGA

29
Q

what is the role for FUT2 in norovirus spread

A

individuals who lack FUT2 are known as non-secretors, because HBGA A/B/C are not present in their bodily secretions

30
Q

what is HBGA made of and what is it

A
  • glycans expressed on surface of cells

- noro- and rotavirus receptors

31
Q

how do A, B & H HBGAs form?

A
  1. FUT2 adds fucose group to HBGA precursors
  2. this generates H HBGA
  3. from H HBGA, A & B HBGAs can be formed
32
Q

in which 2 genotypes are rotaviruses divided

A
  • G : glycoprotein (VP7)

- P : protease sensitive protein (VP4)

33
Q

what type of virus is rabies virus

A

enveloped -ssRNA

34
Q

in which 2 ways can RABV infect neurons

A
  1. via muscle: binds nAchR, replicate, spread to neuron

2. direct: bind NCAM or p75NTR on nerve cell

35
Q

which 2 vaccines are used for RABV

A
  1. live attenuated vaccine (animals)

2. inactivated vaccine (humans & pets)

36
Q

what kind of virus is poliovirus

A

picornavirus

nonenveloped +RNA virus

37
Q

what is the most frequent viral infection in mankind?

A

picorna infection

38
Q

what is measles virus for kind of virus

A

enveloped non segmented -ssRNA

39
Q

what is characteristic for measles surface proteins

A

high similarity (only 1 serotype)

40
Q

what receptors does MV bind to

A
  • CD150
  • Nectin-4
  • CD46
41
Q

describe the 3 stages in MV infection

A
  1. infection, following latent period of 2 weeks for replication
  2. MV infected cells migrate to lymph nodes, where CD150+ cells are infected. immune cells infect nectin-4+ epithelial cells resulting in T cell response –> skin rash
  3. nectin-4+ cells in respiratory tract release new virions
42
Q

which 3 neurological complications can come with MV infection

A

ADEM, MIBE, SSPE

43
Q

what MV vaccination is given

A

live attenuated genotype A strain

Medische Microbiologie (3 decks)

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