viro Flashcards
1
Q
Polyomavirus causes latent infections.
A
TRUE - they often persist to latent infection in a host without causing disease, but may produce tumours.
2
Q
Adenovirus causes enteritis in mammals/birds.
A
FALSE Does cause pneumoenteritis ( other PQs say Birds-THEV and in Mammals-pneumenteritis of calves and lambs.
3
Q
Describe the morphology of the Adenovirus.
A
Linear dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.
4
Q
What type of virus is Varicellovirus?
A
Herpesvirus (alphaherpesvirus)
5
Q
Pox Virus causes skin lesions.
A
TRUE
6
Q
Capripox causes skin lesions.
A
TRUE
7
Q
What type of virus is Hepadnaviridae?
A
DNA virus
8
Q
Describe the morphology of Circoviridae.
A
Circular dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.
9
Q
Parvo causes enteritis.
A
TRUE
10
Q
How is the transmission of Birnaviridae?
A
BY CONTACT
11
Q
Rotavirus causes neonatal enteritis.
A
TRUE
12
Q
What is the host of Teschovirus?
A
PIGS
13
Q
What does Parechovirus cause?
A
Enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine)
14
Q
Avastrovirus causes what in chickens?
A
Nephritis (inflammation of the kidney)
15
Q
Dicistroviridae is a virus of honey bees.
A
TRUE
16
Q
How is Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease transmitted?
A
By contact (direct or by fomites)
17
Q
Border Disease causes abortion in sheep.
A
TRUE
18
Q
Arteriviridae affects stallions.
A
TRUE(Can cause lifelong infection, but not necessarily a decrease of fertility)
19
Q
The Influenza host (avian).
A
Wild water birds
20
Q
The surface protein of Influenza?
A
Hemaglutinin
21
Q
Parainfluenza virus 3 infects?
A
Cattle and Sheep – “Shipping Fever”
22
Q
What type of virus is Canine Distemper Virus?
A
Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae)
23
Q
Cowpox/pseudopox is zoonotic.
A
TRUE
24
Q
Herpes virus is an arbovirus (transmitted by insects).
A
FALSE
25
What does Herpesvirus cause?
Lesions (usually oral or genital)
26
How is Ephemerovirus transmitted?
By mosquitoes (arthropod bites)
27
Nairovirus is an arthropod virus.
TRUE
28
What lesions does a Retrovirus cause?
Lesions in skin and brain (carcoma, carcinoma, leukemia tumours)
29
TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) affects mainly cattle/mink/cats.
TRUE
30
Prions are resistant to proteases.
TRUE
31
Name of TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) in sheep.
Scrapie
32
African Horse Sickness is caused by which virus?
Orbivirus (Sedoreovirinae)
33
Genera of the Picornaviridae are?
Entero-, Aptho-, Erbo-, Avihepato-, Hepato-, Cardio-, Tescho-, Tremo-, Parecho-, Kobu-.
34
Alphaviruses:
a) transmitted by ticks
b)may be zoonotic
c) only present in America
d)no cross reaction.
ANS:b) May be zoonotic
35
Torovirus can cause?
Berne Virus (foal gastroenteritis), Breda Virus (calf gastroenteritis), Chicken , swine and human gastroenteritis.
36
Reservoir host of Mammastrovirus?
Humans, mammals and vertebrates.
37
Human and bovine pathogen viruses are found in the:
a)Alpha,
b)Beta,
c)Gamma?
ANS: a)Alpha
38
Prion pathogens do not contain?
Nucleic acid (proteins)
39
Animals are susceptible to :
a)Mumps,
b)Measles,
c)Influenza 1?
ANS: c)Influenza 1
40
Affinity Chromatography uses?
Viruses adsorb to specific antibodies, rinsing to remove impurities and then elution with buffer.
41
Lesions caused by Pox on CAM embryonic egg are called?
Pock lesions
42
Which disease was recently eradicated from earth?
Small pox and rinderpest
43
Kidney lesions in chicken are caused by?
Avastrovirus
44
How did virus get its name?
A scientist used a filter whose pores were smaller than the bacteria so the bacteria was not filtered, but following further investigation, it was found that the filtrate contained a smaller form of infectious agent. This agent multiplies only in dividing cells and it was made of particles – it was called contagium vivum fluidum (soluble living germ) and later was simply called virus.
45
Prions cause what in sheep?
Scrapie
46
How are airborne viruses contracted?
Breathed in through the respiratory tract.
47
The host of Hantavirus?
Rodents
48
What is the given name for Goose Disease?
Goose Parvovirus (Derzsy’s Disease)
49
Adeno and Orthomyxo viruses - name the disease for calves.
Pneumoenteritis.
50
What does Aujesky Disease cause in Canines?
Lethal CNS Disease, like rabies.
51
Immunosuppression: True/False:
Leukemia TRUE
Lymphocytes FALSE
Enterocytes TRUE
Encephalomyelitis TRUE
52
What virus is propagated in the Chorioallantoin?
Pox and Herpesvirus
53
What is eclipse?
Eclipse is the expression of genetic information. It is the step in virus multiplication involving transcription, translation and replication.
54
What is it called when a virus enters the blood?
Viremia
55
Genetic part of a virion?
DNA/RNA
56
The role of Rdrp in Retrovirus?
(RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase) Replication of RNA.
57
How do bacteriophages get into the host cell?
Penetration.
58
What is a prion?
A prion is a small protein capable of infecting a cell and causing itself to replicate even though it contains no nucleic acid.
59
Virions always contain lipids.
FALSE
60
Virions with quasihelical nucleocapsids are enveloped
TRUE
61
Virions with quasihelical capsids are never enveloped.
FALSE
62
Pleomorphic capsids may not have an envelope.
TRUE
63
Please mark which is true:
a) Mutations are more frequent in cellular organisms than in viruses
b) The effects of mutations are always advantageous for viruses
c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
d) Mutant viruses cannot be used as vaccine strains.
ANS:c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
64
How do we call the process when the antigenic structure of a virus suddenly changes due to reassortment?
Antigenic shift
65
Polyomaviruses can cause persistent infections in kidney cells.
TRUE
66
Papillomaviruses often cause encephalitis and diarrhoea in swine.
FALSE
67
Serological cross-reactions may occur between adenovirus species within the same genus.
TRUE
68
Atadenoviruses may cause disease in birds.
TRUE
69
Please mark the correct answer: Aujesky’s Disease is caused by the:
a)Suid herpesvirus type 1
b) Canid herpesvirus type 2
c) Porcine Parvovirus type 1
d) Porcine circovirus type 2
ANS: a) Suid herpesvirus type 1
70
Which virus family contains viruses with positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome and helical capsid?
Coronaviridae.
71
What virus causes abortions?
Varicellovirus (Aujesky’s Disease, IBR, Equine rhinopneumonitis), Arteritis virus (PRRS, Equine Arteritis Virus), Orbivirus (Blue Tongue, Ibraki Disease, African Horse Sickness), Phlebovirus & Nairovirus of Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley Fever, Nairobi Sheep Fever)
72
How does the enveloped virus enter the cell?
Membrane fusion
73
Viruses can only propagate in living cells.
TRUE
74
What disease is caused in hens by astrovirus?
Chicken Astrovirus (“White Chicks” Condition)
75
Which virus family causes haemorrhage?
Caliciviridae (RHD), parvoviridae (Aleutian Mink Disease), circoviridae (Porcine circovirus), asfivirus (ASF), orbivirus (African Horse Sickness, Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease), nairovirus (Crimean-congo haemorrhagic Fever), Arenaviridae, paramyxovirus (Newcastle Disease), Filovirus (Ebola).
76
Contact Inhibition:
When the cytoplasmic membrane edges of growing cells touches each other causing an inhibition to growth (forms a primary monolayer of cells)
77
Disease in hens caused by the Atadenovirus?
Egg Drop Syndrome
78
What do you call the infective part of the virus?
virion
79
Where do RNA viruses multiply?
In the cytoplasm.
80
Which virus families cause skin lesions?
Papillomaviridae, polyomaviridae, (Poxviridae cause pock lesions)
81
How to investigate virus neutralisation test?
Use blocking antibodies that will adsorb to the receptors of the cell so virus cant adsorb to the cell too.
- Constant virus varying serum dilution: Serial 2fold serum solution, add virus, incubate (antibodies will neutralise the virus), inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
- Constant serum varying virus dilution: 2 Serial 10fold virus dilutions, add +and-serum, incubate, inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
82
Monoclonal antibodies:
Antibodies which are the same as they were produced by identical immune cells who were all clones of a unique parent cell.
83
What proteins are found in prions?
Cellular prion protein, Infectious prion protein.
84
What is the genetic part of the virion?
The nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
85
What is the family of the Distemper viruses?
Paramyxoviridae
86
Haemagglutination:
This is the clumping together of red blood cells. Tests include: Haemagglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test.
87
Concentration of a virus sample?
Precipitation, adsorption, dialysis, ultrafiltration, pelletisation.
88
Virus titer:
- Infective titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which 50% CPEs occur.
- Haemagglutination titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which haemagglutination has not yet occurred.
89
Restriction nucleases:
cleave proteins at specific DNA sequences.
90
Cells removed from a monoculture:
Can then be used in a subculture and propagated further.
91
What does Aujesky’s Disease do in Canines?
Lethal CNS effects (like rabies)
92
What type of sample is required for Ataxia in a horse?
Conjunctival and nasal swabs, liquor cerebrospinalis, EDTA blood. (Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of a lack of coordinating movements)
93
Propagation of African Swine Fever
Propagation of African Swine Fever
94
Acridin Orange Test:
Tests for the presence of either ss/ds DNA/RNA.
-Green fluorescence when bound to dsDNA.
–Red fluorescence when bound to ssDNA or RNA.
95
Does a greenish-yellow colour mean a doublestranded virus?
yes
96
Vaccines:
Live (attenuated, virulent, heterotypic, virus-vectored), inactivated, subunit, anti-idiotype.
97
Active Immunity:
Stimulation of an immune response by the body by a specific antigen (injecting a weaker live virus into the body so that the body itself must produce antibodies against the viral antigens), preventative method, long term immunity.
98
Parvo in the environment:
spread through faecal matter, but due to its very strong resistance it can survive on surfaces and be spread via contact with those surfaces.
99
Describe the Orthobunyavirus:
circular ssRNA with segmented genome, enveloped, - with helical capsid, viruses: Akabane disease and Schmallenburg virus of Ruminants.
100
Prions in sheep:
Prions are agents of Transmissible Spongioform Encephalosis and cause Scrapie in sheep.
101
Tick Vectors:
Colorado tick fever, Lyme disease, hepatazoonosis.
102
Reservoir host of Mamarenavirus?
Pet hamsters, mice (rodents)
103
Role of VtRt in Hepadnaviridae:
replication (Viral transcriptase Reverse transcriptase)
104
On which part of the virus is the lipid found?
Envelope.
105
PCR-Colour:
Green-dsDNA, Red-ssDNA/RNA
106
Binary?:
induces DNA? Binary Vectors are shuttle vectors as they are able to replicate in multiple hosts.
107
What is the method of a hemolysis test using sheep blood?
- Haemagglutination Titre: serial 2fold dilution, add washed RBCs of appropriate species, incubate->titer is the highest dilution of virus where there is no haemagglutination as of yet.
- Haemagglutination inhibition: serial 2fold dilution of serum sample, add 4-8HA units of virus, incubate, add washed RBCs->titer is the highest dilution where there is no HA.
108
Amino Acid sequence of haemagluttinating protease cleavage site of Influenza A may cause?
Will cleave the Hemaglutinin of the virus-this must be cleaved by cellular proteases to be active as a fusion protein and cause infection.
109
Budgering Fledgling
polyoma-Birds
110
feline panleukemia virus
parvo - dom and wild cats
111
coital exanthemia
herpes-aphla-varicello EHV-3 by sexual contact.
112
lumpy skin disease
pox viridae-chordopox-carpipox
| found in cattle and wild Ru=bite from insect
113
papillomavirus causes tumors
TRUE
114
SMEDI
parvovirus -still births, mummified births, embryonic death, infertility
115
PMWS and PDNS
post-weaning multisystem wasting syndrome. porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, circoviride-swine.
116
are infectious postular vulvovaginalis (IPV) and Balanopestitis (IBP) related
yes both from infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis-herpes-aphla-varicello
117
Mareks disease
Herpes-aphla-mardi
| chickens and lymphatic tumor GAHV-2,3
118
Ectromelia
Poxviridae - chordopoxviridae- orthopoxviridae-mice - skin and loose legs
119
canine Laryngotracheitis
Adeno, mastadeno-CAV 2
120
Epstein barr virus
Herpes - gamma -lymphocryptovirus HHV 4
121
bovine papalar stomachitis and contagious Ecthyma ORF
Pox-parapox calf and sheep oral scabs
122
infectious larynotracheitis
herpes-aphla-Lito, GaHV1 ,chicken and pheasant.
123
Aleutran milk disease
Parvo- Amdo- Abortion
| mikns and ferrets
124
name a virus that doesnt show CPE
classical swine fever
125
malignant catarral fever (cattle)
Herpes-aphla- meca, peca- Rhodinovirus
| carries =sheep and wildebeast.
126
infestious canine Hapatitis
Adeno-mastadeno-CAV1
| Liver
127
beak and feather disease
circo-parrots
128
human virocello-Zoster
chicken pox and shingles, HHV 3
| Herpes- aphla Varicelli
129
myxomatosis, Hare Fibroma Virus
Pox-Lepro-rabbits
| Myxomatosis (mosquitos)
130
B-19 virus
parvo- erythro- Hu
131
canine minute virus
parvo - Boca -CPV 1
| respiratory disease
132
human Roseda infection
herpes- beta - roseda - HHV6,7
133
human BK virus
polyoma -polyoma-nephropathies
134
duck plague
herpes-AnHV1
135
molluscan contagious virus
Pox-mollusci -human skin lesions
136
chicken infectious anemia
circo-gyro
137
mink enteritis virus
parvo-parvo-small intestines
138
marble spleen disease of Pheasents
adeno, salidase enzyme.
