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viro Flashcards

1
Q

Polyomavirus causes latent infections.

A

TRUE - they often persist to latent infection in a host without causing disease, but may produce tumours.

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2
Q

Adenovirus causes enteritis in mammals/birds.

A

FALSE Does cause pneumoenteritis ( other PQs say Birds-THEV and in Mammals-pneumenteritis of calves and lambs.

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3
Q

Describe the morphology of the Adenovirus.

A

Linear dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.

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4
Q

What type of virus is Varicellovirus?

A

Herpesvirus (alphaherpesvirus)

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5
Q

Pox Virus causes skin lesions.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Capripox causes skin lesions.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What type of virus is Hepadnaviridae?

A

DNA virus

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8
Q

Describe the morphology of Circoviridae.

A

Circular dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.

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9
Q

Parvo causes enteritis.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

How is the transmission of Birnaviridae?

A

BY CONTACT

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11
Q

Rotavirus causes neonatal enteritis.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What is the host of Teschovirus?

A

PIGS

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13
Q

What does Parechovirus cause?

A

Enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine)

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14
Q

Avastrovirus causes what in chickens?

A

Nephritis (inflammation of the kidney)

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15
Q

Dicistroviridae is a virus of honey bees.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

How is Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease transmitted?

A

By contact (direct or by fomites)

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17
Q

Border Disease causes abortion in sheep.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Arteriviridae affects stallions.

A

TRUE(Can cause lifelong infection, but not necessarily a decrease of fertility)

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19
Q

The Influenza host (avian).

A

Wild water birds

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20
Q

The surface protein of Influenza?

A

Hemaglutinin

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21
Q

Parainfluenza virus 3 infects?

A

Cattle and Sheep – “Shipping Fever”

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22
Q

What type of virus is Canine Distemper Virus?

A

Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae)

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23
Q

Cowpox/pseudopox is zoonotic.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Herpes virus is an arbovirus (transmitted by insects).

A

FALSE

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25
Q

What does Herpesvirus cause?

A

Lesions (usually oral or genital)

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26
Q

How is Ephemerovirus transmitted?

A

By mosquitoes (arthropod bites)

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27
Q

Nairovirus is an arthropod virus.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

What lesions does a Retrovirus cause?

A

Lesions in skin and brain (carcoma, carcinoma, leukemia tumours)

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29
Q

TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) affects mainly cattle/mink/cats.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Prions are resistant to proteases.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

Name of TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) in sheep.

A

Scrapie

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32
Q

African Horse Sickness is caused by which virus?

A

Orbivirus (Sedoreovirinae)

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33
Q

Genera of the Picornaviridae are?

A

Entero-, Aptho-, Erbo-, Avihepato-, Hepato-, Cardio-, Tescho-, Tremo-, Parecho-, Kobu-.

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34
Q

Alphaviruses:

A

a) transmitted by ticks
b)may be zoonotic
c) only present in America
d)no cross reaction.
ANS:b) May be zoonotic

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35
Q

Torovirus can cause?

A

Berne Virus (foal gastroenteritis), Breda Virus (calf gastroenteritis), Chicken , swine and human gastroenteritis.

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36
Q

Reservoir host of Mammastrovirus?

A

Humans, mammals and vertebrates.

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37
Q

Human and bovine pathogen viruses are found in the:

A

a)Alpha,
b)Beta,
c)Gamma?
ANS: a)Alpha

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38
Q

Prion pathogens do not contain?

A

Nucleic acid (proteins)

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39
Q

Animals are susceptible to :

A

a)Mumps,
b)Measles,
c)Influenza 1?
ANS: c)Influenza 1

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40
Q

Affinity Chromatography uses?

A

Viruses adsorb to specific antibodies, rinsing to remove impurities and then elution with buffer.

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41
Q

Lesions caused by Pox on CAM embryonic egg are called?

A

Pock lesions

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42
Q

Which disease was recently eradicated from earth?

A

Small pox and rinderpest

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43
Q

Kidney lesions in chicken are caused by?

A

Avastrovirus

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44
Q

How did virus get its name?

A

A scientist used a filter whose pores were smaller than the bacteria so the bacteria was not filtered, but following further investigation, it was found that the filtrate contained a smaller form of infectious agent. This agent multiplies only in dividing cells and it was made of particles – it was called contagium vivum fluidum (soluble living germ) and later was simply called virus.

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45
Q

Prions cause what in sheep?

A

Scrapie

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46
Q

How are airborne viruses contracted?

A

Breathed in through the respiratory tract.

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47
Q

The host of Hantavirus?

A

Rodents

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48
Q

What is the given name for Goose Disease?

A

Goose Parvovirus (Derzsy’s Disease)

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49
Q

Adeno and Orthomyxo viruses - name the disease for calves.

A

Pneumoenteritis.

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50
Q

What does Aujesky Disease cause in Canines?

A

Lethal CNS Disease, like rabies.

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51
Q

Immunosuppression: True/False:

A

Leukemia TRUE
Lymphocytes FALSE
Enterocytes TRUE
Encephalomyelitis TRUE

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52
Q

What virus is propagated in the Chorioallantoin?

A

Pox and Herpesvirus

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53
Q

What is eclipse?

A

Eclipse is the expression of genetic information. It is the step in virus multiplication involving transcription, translation and replication.

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54
Q

What is it called when a virus enters the blood?

A

Viremia

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55
Q

Genetic part of a virion?

A

DNA/RNA

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56
Q

The role of Rdrp in Retrovirus?

A

(RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase) Replication of RNA.

57
Q

How do bacteriophages get into the host cell?

A

Penetration.

58
Q

What is a prion?

A

A prion is a small protein capable of infecting a cell and causing itself to replicate even though it contains no nucleic acid.

59
Q

Virions always contain lipids.

A

FALSE

60
Q

Virions with quasihelical nucleocapsids are enveloped

A

TRUE

61
Q

Virions with quasihelical capsids are never enveloped.

A

FALSE

62
Q

Pleomorphic capsids may not have an envelope.

A

TRUE

63
Q

Please mark which is true:

A

a) Mutations are more frequent in cellular organisms than in viruses
b) The effects of mutations are always advantageous for viruses
c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
d) Mutant viruses cannot be used as vaccine strains.

ANS:c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus

64
Q

How do we call the process when the antigenic structure of a virus suddenly changes due to reassortment?

A

Antigenic shift

65
Q

Polyomaviruses can cause persistent infections in kidney cells.

A

TRUE

66
Q

Papillomaviruses often cause encephalitis and diarrhoea in swine.

A

FALSE

67
Q

Serological cross-reactions may occur between adenovirus species within the same genus.

A

TRUE

68
Q

Atadenoviruses may cause disease in birds.

A

TRUE

69
Q

Please mark the correct answer: Aujesky’s Disease is caused by the:

A

a)Suid herpesvirus type 1
b) Canid herpesvirus type 2
c) Porcine Parvovirus type 1
d) Porcine circovirus type 2
ANS: a) Suid herpesvirus type 1

70
Q

Which virus family contains viruses with positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome and helical capsid?

A

Coronaviridae.

71
Q

What virus causes abortions?

A

Varicellovirus (Aujesky’s Disease, IBR, Equine rhinopneumonitis), Arteritis virus (PRRS, Equine Arteritis Virus), Orbivirus (Blue Tongue, Ibraki Disease, African Horse Sickness), Phlebovirus & Nairovirus of Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley Fever, Nairobi Sheep Fever)

72
Q

How does the enveloped virus enter the cell?

A

Membrane fusion

73
Q

Viruses can only propagate in living cells.

A

TRUE

74
Q

What disease is caused in hens by astrovirus?

A

Chicken Astrovirus (“White Chicks” Condition)

75
Q

Which virus family causes haemorrhage?

A

Caliciviridae (RHD), parvoviridae (Aleutian Mink Disease), circoviridae (Porcine circovirus), asfivirus (ASF), orbivirus (African Horse Sickness, Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease), nairovirus (Crimean-congo haemorrhagic Fever), Arenaviridae, paramyxovirus (Newcastle Disease), Filovirus (Ebola).

76
Q

Contact Inhibition:

A

When the cytoplasmic membrane edges of growing cells touches each other causing an inhibition to growth (forms a primary monolayer of cells)

77
Q

Disease in hens caused by the Atadenovirus?

A

Egg Drop Syndrome

78
Q

What do you call the infective part of the virus?

A

virion

79
Q

Where do RNA viruses multiply?

A

In the cytoplasm.

80
Q

Which virus families cause skin lesions?

A

Papillomaviridae, polyomaviridae, (Poxviridae cause pock lesions)

81
Q

How to investigate virus neutralisation test?

A

Use blocking antibodies that will adsorb to the receptors of the cell so virus cant adsorb to the cell too.

  • Constant virus varying serum dilution: Serial 2fold serum solution, add virus, incubate (antibodies will neutralise the virus), inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
  • Constant serum varying virus dilution: 2 Serial 10fold virus dilutions, add +and-serum, incubate, inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
82
Q

Monoclonal antibodies:

A

Antibodies which are the same as they were produced by identical immune cells who were all clones of a unique parent cell.

83
Q

What proteins are found in prions?

A

Cellular prion protein, Infectious prion protein.

84
Q

What is the genetic part of the virion?

A

The nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

85
Q

What is the family of the Distemper viruses?

A

Paramyxoviridae

86
Q

Haemagglutination:

A

This is the clumping together of red blood cells. Tests include: Haemagglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test.

87
Q

Concentration of a virus sample?

A

Precipitation, adsorption, dialysis, ultrafiltration, pelletisation.

88
Q

Virus titer:

A
  • Infective titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which 50% CPEs occur.
  • Haemagglutination titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which haemagglutination has not yet occurred.
89
Q

Restriction nucleases:

A

cleave proteins at specific DNA sequences.

90
Q

Cells removed from a monoculture:

A

Can then be used in a subculture and propagated further.

91
Q

What does Aujesky’s Disease do in Canines?

A

Lethal CNS effects (like rabies)

92
Q

What type of sample is required for Ataxia in a horse?

A

Conjunctival and nasal swabs, liquor cerebrospinalis, EDTA blood. (Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of a lack of coordinating movements)

93
Q

Propagation of African Swine Fever

A

Propagation of African Swine Fever

94
Q

Acridin Orange Test:

A

Tests for the presence of either ss/ds DNA/RNA.
-Green fluorescence when bound to dsDNA.
–Red fluorescence when bound to ssDNA or RNA.

95
Q

Does a greenish-yellow colour mean a doublestranded virus?

A

yes

96
Q

Vaccines:

A

Live (attenuated, virulent, heterotypic, virus-vectored), inactivated, subunit, anti-idiotype.

97
Q

Active Immunity:

A

Stimulation of an immune response by the body by a specific antigen (injecting a weaker live virus into the body so that the body itself must produce antibodies against the viral antigens), preventative method, long term immunity.

98
Q

Parvo in the environment:

A

spread through faecal matter, but due to its very strong resistance it can survive on surfaces and be spread via contact with those surfaces.

99
Q

Describe the Orthobunyavirus:

A

circular ssRNA with segmented genome, enveloped, - with helical capsid, viruses: Akabane disease and Schmallenburg virus of Ruminants.

100
Q

Prions in sheep:

A

Prions are agents of Transmissible Spongioform Encephalosis and cause Scrapie in sheep.

101
Q

Tick Vectors:

A

Colorado tick fever, Lyme disease, hepatazoonosis.

102
Q

Reservoir host of Mamarenavirus?

A

Pet hamsters, mice (rodents)

103
Q

Role of VtRt in Hepadnaviridae:

A

replication (Viral transcriptase Reverse transcriptase)

104
Q

On which part of the virus is the lipid found?

A

Envelope.

105
Q

PCR-Colour:

A

Green-dsDNA, Red-ssDNA/RNA

106
Q

Binary?:

A

induces DNA? Binary Vectors are shuttle vectors as they are able to replicate in multiple hosts.

107
Q

What is the method of a hemolysis test using sheep blood?

A
  • Haemagglutination Titre: serial 2fold dilution, add washed RBCs of appropriate species, incubate->titer is the highest dilution of virus where there is no haemagglutination as of yet.
  • Haemagglutination inhibition: serial 2fold dilution of serum sample, add 4-8HA units of virus, incubate, add washed RBCs->titer is the highest dilution where there is no HA.
108
Q

Amino Acid sequence of haemagluttinating protease cleavage site of Influenza A may cause?

A

Will cleave the Hemaglutinin of the virus-this must be cleaved by cellular proteases to be active as a fusion protein and cause infection.

109
Q

Budgering Fledgling

A

polyoma-Birds

110
Q

feline panleukemia virus

A

parvo - dom and wild cats

111
Q

coital exanthemia

A

herpes-aphla-varicello EHV-3 by sexual contact.

112
Q

lumpy skin disease

A

pox viridae-chordopox-carpipox

found in cattle and wild Ru=bite from insect

113
Q

papillomavirus causes tumors

A

TRUE

114
Q

SMEDI

A

parvovirus -still births, mummified births, embryonic death, infertility

115
Q

PMWS and PDNS

A

post-weaning multisystem wasting syndrome. porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, circoviride-swine.

116
Q

are infectious postular vulvovaginalis (IPV) and Balanopestitis (IBP) related

A

yes both from infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis-herpes-aphla-varicello

117
Q

Mareks disease

A

Herpes-aphla-mardi

chickens and lymphatic tumor GAHV-2,3

118
Q

Ectromelia

A

Poxviridae - chordopoxviridae- orthopoxviridae-mice - skin and loose legs

119
Q

canine Laryngotracheitis

A

Adeno, mastadeno-CAV 2

120
Q

Epstein barr virus

A

Herpes - gamma -lymphocryptovirus HHV 4

121
Q

bovine papalar stomachitis and contagious Ecthyma ORF

A

Pox-parapox calf and sheep oral scabs

122
Q

infectious larynotracheitis

A

herpes-aphla-Lito, GaHV1 ,chicken and pheasant.

123
Q

Aleutran milk disease

A

Parvo- Amdo- Abortion

mikns and ferrets

124
Q

name a virus that doesnt show CPE

A

classical swine fever

125
Q

malignant catarral fever (cattle)

A

Herpes-aphla- meca, peca- Rhodinovirus

carries =sheep and wildebeast.

126
Q

infestious canine Hapatitis

A

Adeno-mastadeno-CAV1

Liver

127
Q

beak and feather disease

A

circo-parrots

128
Q

human virocello-Zoster

A

chicken pox and shingles, HHV 3

Herpes- aphla Varicelli

129
Q

myxomatosis, Hare Fibroma Virus

A

Pox-Lepro-rabbits

Myxomatosis (mosquitos)

130
Q

B-19 virus

A

parvo- erythro- Hu

131
Q

canine minute virus

A

parvo - Boca -CPV 1

respiratory disease

132
Q

human Roseda infection

A

herpes- beta - roseda - HHV6,7

133
Q

human BK virus

A

polyoma -polyoma-nephropathies

134
Q

duck plague

A

herpes-AnHV1

135
Q

molluscan contagious virus

A

Pox-mollusci -human skin lesions

136
Q

chicken infectious anemia

A

circo-gyro

137
Q

mink enteritis virus

A

parvo-parvo-small intestines

138
Q

marble spleen disease of Pheasents

A

adeno, salidase enzyme.

virology past qs (1 decks)

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