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Micro2 Unit 4 > Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three most common causes of a cold?

A

rhinovirus, coronavirus and influenza virus

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2
Q

how are viral respiratory infections transmitted? where are the first site of virus host interaction?

A

fomites or aerosol transmission

epithelial cells

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3
Q

what is the most common presentation of rhinovirus? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

common cold
exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and asthma
pneumonia in children

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4
Q

what is the most common presentation of coronavirus? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

common cold
exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and asthma
pneumonia and bronchiolitis

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5
Q

what is the most common presentation of human respiratory syncytial virus? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young children
common cold in adults
pneumonia in elderly and immunosuppressed

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6
Q

what is the most common presentation of parainfluenza viruses? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

croup and lower respiratory tract disease in young children
pharyngitis and common cold
tracheobronchitis in adults, lower respiratory tract disease in imunosuppressed

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7
Q

what is the most common presentation of adenovirus? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

common cold and pharyngitis in children
outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in military recruits
pneumonia in children, lower respiratory tract and disseminated disease in immunocompromised

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8
Q

what is the most common presentation of influenza A viruses? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

influenza
pneumonia and excess mortality in high risk patients
pneumonia in healthy individuals

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9
Q

what is the most common presentation of influenza B viruses? occasional presentation? rare presentation?

A

influenza
rhinitis or pharyngitis alone
pneumonia

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10
Q

what causes the typical symptoms of viral disease? what are they?

A

infected epithelial cells release cytokines

fever, aches etc

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11
Q

what makes viruses specific to the upper respiratory tract? what else utilizes this difference?

A

temperature requirements of the virus to replicate

basis for attenuated viral vaccines

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12
Q

what is the age effect on viruses?

A

infants and elderly have more severe respiratory infections

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13
Q

what are the three patterns of virus replication in the respiratory tract?

A

acute- confined to repiratory mucosal surface
persistent- continued replication on respiratory mucosal surface
systemic- dissemination after primary replication in respiratory tract

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14
Q

which five viruses have an acute pattern of replication?

A

picornavirus (rhinovirus), coronavirus, paramyxovirus (parainfluenza and respiratory cyncytial virus) and orthomyxovirus (influenza)

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15
Q

which three virus have a persistent pattern of replication?

A

EBV, adenovirus and papillomavirus

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16
Q

which five viruses have a systemic pattern of replication?

A

paramyxovirus (mumps and measles), herpesviruses, rubella, picornavirus (polio) and others

17
Q

what do coronaviruses look like? what type of genome does it contain?

A

enveloped viruses with spikes around it

- ssRNA virus

18
Q

what types of coronavirus have shown to be lethal?

A

SARS and MERS

19
Q

what constitutes a myxovirus?

A

they bind to mucin protein on RBC

20
Q

what viruses are part of the group orthomyxoviridae?

A

influenza viruses A, B and C

21
Q

what are the ree genera of paramyxoviridae? which important viruses do they contain?

A

paramyxovirus- mumps and parainfluenza
morbillivirus- measles
pneumovirus- respiratory syncytial virus

22
Q

where do orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses replicate? what is their genome? what is their structure?

A

ortho- nuclear, segmented - ssRNA and enveloped

para- cytoplasmic, nonsegmented - ssRNA and enveloped

23
Q

what are the major contributorsto the pathogenesis of influenza syndrome?

A

T cell responses, interferon induction and desquamation of mucus secreting and ciliated cells

24
Q

what are the symptoms of influenza syndrome?

A

high fever, headache, tiredness, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, body aches, diarrhea and vomitiong

25
Q

what are less frequent outcomes of influenza?

A

secondary bacterial infection that could turn into a pneumonia, primary viral pneumonia and CNS or muscle involvement

26
Q

what is the immune response to influenza?

A

interferon induction, T cell responses and antibody production

27
Q

what are the treatments and prevention for the flu?

A

treatment- tamiflu and relenza for Influenza A and B

vaccines- fluzone (trivalent inactivated) and flumist (live attenuated vaccine)

28
Q

what are the 2014 trivalent vaccines?

A

H1N1, H3N2 and B/yamagata lineage

29
Q

what is croup? when is the peak incidence?

A

laryngotracheobronchitis

peak incidence in winter

30
Q

what are the symptoms of croup? what are the complications?

A

starts like a cold in adults and infants. infants may develop a distinct barking cough
complications include pneumonia and respiratory distress

31
Q

how is croup usually treated?

A

at home with steam and humidifiers

32
Q

describe the morphology of adenovirus. who does it affect?

A

icosahedral naked DNA virus

affects birds, mammals and humans

33
Q

what is the most common consequence of adenovirus infection?

A

most are asymptomatic. others involve the respiratory tract, GI tract or the eye

34
Q

describe the mechanism of adenovirus infection and what immune response is effective against it

A

infects mucoepithelial cells and persists in lymphoid tissues
antibody is needed for recovery

35
Q

how is adenovirus transmitted? what vaccines are available?

A

respiratory droplets, fomites, fecal matter, close contact and poorly sanitized swimming pools
live attenuated vaccines for serotypes 4 and 7 given to military members

Micro2 Unit 4 (7 decks)

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