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MICROBIOLOGY > Viral infections of the resp system > Flashcards

Viral infections of the resp system Flashcards

1
Q

List the viruses associated with resp system conditions (6)

A

Rhino virus,
Enteroviruses,
Parainfluenza virus,
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, Adenoviruses

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2
Q

list the common respiratory conditions (11)

A

Rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis (croup), bronchopneumonia, pneumonia

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3
Q

Common old is limited to the LRT (t/f)

A

False. it is limited to the URT

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4
Q

Incubation period of the common cold

A

1 to 3 days

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5
Q

List the prodromal (early) symptoms of the common cold

A

headache, sore throat, fullness in the nose.

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6
Q

describe the mucus changes in the common cold as the condition progresses.

A

Profuse watery discharge from the nose (rhinorrhea) becomes thicker, muco-purulent and decreases
in volume

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7
Q

How long does a common cold take to resolve

A

About a week

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8
Q

List the viruses responsible for the common cold

A

Rhinoviruses: approximately 100 serotypes account for approximately 50% of colds
* Coronaviruses: NOT the serious coronaviruses
* Other enteroviruses
* RSV/Para-influenza/Influenza

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9
Q

Pharyngitis/tonsilitis is mostly caused by what microorganism species? which one is the most common culprit?

A

70% mostly viral
Mostly by adenovirus

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10
Q

In pharyngitis/tonsilitis, some viruses can cause _______________ which can progress to form ___________________

A

vesicles(blisters»»»> ulcers

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11
Q

Why is it called laryngotracheobronchitis in children?

A

In children difficult to distinguish due to very close anatomy, so sometimes called laryngotracheobronchitis

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12
Q

Laryngitis causes_______________________
Tracheitis causes______________

A
  1. Hoarse voice
  2. Sore throat and cough
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13
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis can present as croup with stridor in children. What is that?

A

a particular high pitched sound with inspiration and sometimes
even on expiration – due to narrowed airway

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14
Q

T/F acute bronchitis is mostly caused by viruses

A

T

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15
Q

describe chronic bronchitis

A

not infective
* Due to irritation typically from smoking, but also from pollution, fumes, inhaled dust

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16
Q

What causes acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and how are they treated?

A

Acute exacerbations may be precipitated by infections though probably mostly these are viral. In practice often treated with antibiotics, but it is an area of uncertainty

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17
Q

what accounts for accounts for 30 -50% of community acquired pneumonia?

A

viral pneumonia

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18
Q

In pneumonia, how does the virus reach the lungs?

A

Mainly reach lungs via respiratory tract,
* Attach to respiratory epithelium by surface molecules that adhere to ‘receptors’

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19
Q

Healthy people are not at risk of viral pneumonia. T/F? Explain

A

Healthy people also susceptible
* But severity varies according to age and immune status, including prior exposure to virus

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20
Q

Possible complications of viral pneumonia

A

Can predispose to secondary bacterial infection, e.g. influenza can be followed by pneumococcal or
staphylococcal infection
* Permanent lung damage, e.g. bronchiectasis after certain destructive viral infections

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21
Q

What determines the site of infection for a particular virus?

A

Some viruses may have predilection or preference for certain sites
Sometimes depends on age and anatomy
Immune status ( age, previous infections or vaccinations, presence of immunodeficiency)

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22
Q

Why does the rhinovirus tend to infect the nose?

A

they prefer slightly cooler temperatures for replication

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23
Q

infants and young children more prone to clinical features of croup. Why?

A

because of narrow subglottic airway so swelling more easily leads to obstruction

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24
Q

Why are children more likely to develop otitis media?

A

Eustachian tube between nasopharynx and middle ear is more open in this age group so
also more likely to develop otitis media

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25
Q

Which bacteria causes tonsilitis/pharyngitis

A

streptococcus pyogenes

26
Q

Which bacteria most commonly causes pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumonia

27
Q

where does respiratory syncytial virus get its name?

A

Gets its name from the fact that it causes large syncytia in
cell culture

28
Q

Define syncytia

A

: a multinucleate mass of
cytoplasm resulting from fusion of cells.

29
Q

How does RSV attack? what does it use?

A

Contains F (fusion) protein used for infection and fusion of
virus membrane with cells

30
Q

When are RSV infections most common?

A

Causes seasonal outbreaks every year in autumn/early
winter in community and in hospitals

31
Q

At what age do children commonly get affected by RSV?

A

during their first year of life

32
Q

What conditions does RSV commonly cause?

A

Causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia especially in infants

33
Q

Why are infants more susceptible to RSV

A

Naturally acquired maternal antibodies don’t protect against RSV so infants exposed in the first 6 months of life can develop life threatening disease especially in premature or very small babies

34
Q

Re-infections with RSV are more severe later in life. T/F

A

F. Re-infections are common throughout life, but become less severe, more like a common cold

35
Q

long term consequences of RSV

A

wheezing

36
Q

What made it possible for increased detection in respiratory infections in older adults

A

Use of multiplex PCR

37
Q

How long does RSV infection take to shed off?

A

Virus can be shed for up to 3 weeks after infection normally

38
Q

Which type of immunity is needed to clear the infection?

A

Cell mediated immunity

39
Q

How are high risk infants protected against RSV?

A

Passive immunisation/Antibody prophylaxis in very high-risk infants during RSV season
IV infusion of monoclonal antibodies against F protein
* Prevents severe infection

40
Q

Distinguish between RSV and human metapneumovirus

A

Only relatively recently discovered
Equivalent, though less severe than RSV
Occurs mainly in spring as opposed to autumn for RSV

41
Q

describe the structure of parainfluenza virus

A

single stranded, enveloped RNA viruses

42
Q

how many types of parainfluenza affect humans?
Wich one is most severe? which one is least severe?

A

4 antigenically distinct para-influenza viruses that infect humans
Parainfluenza virus that is more severe is 3. Less severe is 4

43
Q

T/F
parainfluenza virus occurs seasonally and affects only children

A

F
throughout the year
Affects everyone

44
Q

which virus causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

45
Q

Adenovirus structure

A

Unenveloped ds DNA viruses

46
Q

Adenovirus occurs throughout the year. T/F

A

T

47
Q

Symptoms of adenovirus

A

Cause a variety of syndromes involving the mucous membranes of the eye, respiratory and gastro
intestinal tract
* E.g. pharyngitis, conjunctivitis (‘pink-eye’), pneumonia, gastro-enteritis

48
Q

Can cause ________________ in children especially if malnourished and can cause persistent lung disease

A

severe pneumonia

49
Q

Structure of enteroviruses

A

ss RNA virus

50
Q

Why is it called enterovirus?

A

As name suggests enteroviruses are shed in the faeces and transmitted via faecal oral route,
though they don’t cause gastro-enteritis

51
Q

What virus causes Hand, foot and mouth disease- an upper respiratory tract
infection associated with rash on hands and feet and ulcers in the mouth

A

Coxsackie virus

52
Q

Symptoms of rhinovirus infection

A

nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, cough, and/or a sore or scratchy throat lasting 5- 7 days,
gradually improving

53
Q

Pathogenesis of rhinovirus

A

Virus adheres to receptor on nasal mucosa cells
* doesn’t damage cells but causes local production of various cytokines and kinins that cause
symptoms

54
Q

symptoms of infection resolve before virus has cleared. T/F

A

T

55
Q

What medical condition does rhinovirus commonly exarcebate?

A

asthma

56
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections

A

Culture of virus
* Detection of viral antigens in clinical sample by microscopy
* Serology: demonstrating antibody response to infection in serum
* Detection of viral nucleic acids

57
Q

Why is viral culture ineffective?

A

Viruses only replicate in living cells (Don’t grow on laboratory media)
* Traditional diagnosis in cell culture systems- slow (days to weeks) labour intensive

58
Q

Why is detection of viral antigens impractical?

A

lectron microscopy (viruses not visible on light microscopy), useful for defining morphology in detail,
but not for routine diagnosis

59
Q

why is flourescence microscopy impractical

A

Immunofluorescence microscopy: using fluorescent labelled antibodies to visualise viral antigens, also
tricky to do

60
Q

Why is serology impractical

A

Looking for antibody response to infection – too slow

61
Q

How has the shift to molecular diagnosis helped

A

Detection of viral nucleic acids from clinical samples
* By PCR or similar method to amplify (increase) viral genomic material
* Can detect DNA/RNA
* Extremely sensitive – can pick up very small amounts of virus

62
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY (16 decks)

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