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AC1 > Viral Infections > Flashcards

Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘pyrexia or fever of unknown origin’

A

Temperature >38.3 on >1 reading

No diagnosis after 3 weeks of community or 1 week of hospital tests

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2
Q

Define ‘acute undifferentiated febrile illness’

A

Temperature >38.0 with no organ focus

<2 weeks duration

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3
Q

Define ‘fever and febrile illness’

A

Temperature >38.0

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4
Q

Name some occult infections responsible for fevers of unknown origin

A

Endocarditis

Liver abscess

UTI

LRTI

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5
Q

Describe the lifecycle of viruses

A
  1. Virion (containing capsid, DNA and envelope) adsorption and fusion with cell membrane
  2. Penetration into cell and uncoating of virus from envelope
  3. DNA enters the host cell’s nuclear membrane
  4. Transcription of viral DNA
  5. Transcription produces messenger RNA which produces the proteins necessary to build the next capsids and replicate viral DNA
  6. New virus particles are assembled (maturation) in the cytoplasm
  7. Viruses bud out of the host cell, taking with it some of the cell’s membrane
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6
Q

Define acute viral infection

A

Primary infection, usually followed by clearance and immunity

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7
Q

Define latent viral infection

A

Primary infection followed by restricted viral gene expression

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8
Q

Define chronic/persistent viral infection

A

Primary infection followed by persistent viral replication

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9
Q

Name some common viruses causing meningitis/encephalitis

A

JC virus

Measles

Arbovirus

Rabies

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10
Q

Name some viruses causing the common cold

A

Rhinovirus

Parainfluenza virus

Respiratory syncitial virus

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11
Q

Name some viruses that cause pharyngitis

A

Adenovirus

Epstein-Barr virus

Cytomegalovirus

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12
Q

Name some viruses causing hepatitis

A

Hepatisis A, B, C, D and E

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13
Q

Name some viruses causing skin infections

A
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Human herpes virus 6
  • Human papilloma virus
  • Smallpox
  • Molluscum contagiosum
  • Parvovirus B19
  • Rubella
  • Measles
  • Coxsackie A
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14
Q

Name some sexually transmitted viruses

A

Herpes simplex virus 2

Human papilloma virus

HIV

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15
Q

Name a virus that can cause pancreatitis and cardiovascular infections

A

Coxsackie B virus

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16
Q

Name some viruses that cause pneumonia

A

Influenza virus A and B

Respiratory syncitial virus

Parainfluenza virus

17
Q

Name some viruses that cause gastroenteritis

A

Adenovirus

Rotavirus

Norovirus

Astrovirus

Coronavirus

18
Q

Name some viruses that cause myelitis

A

Poliovirus

HTLV-1

19
Q

What are the positive and negatives of using serology to diagnose viruses?

A

Pros:

  • Positive in chronic, past and latent infections

Cons:

  • Sometimes difficult to interpret
  • Negative in early stages of infection
20
Q

What are the positive and negatives of using PCR to diagnose viruses?

A

Pros:

  • Positive in the early stages of acute infection
  • Highly sensitive and specific
  • Can identify anti-viral resistance genes

Cons:

  • Negative in latent and past infection
21
Q

What does the human papilloma virus cause?

A

Warts

Cervical cancer

22
Q

Name viruses from the herpes family

A

Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2

Varicella zoster virus

Epstein-Barr virus

Cytomegalovirus

23
Q

What can the HSV-1 and 2 viruses cause?

A

Usually perioral or genital infections→ localised painful vesicles

Rarely:

  • Encephalitis
  • Bell’s palsy (recurrence in facial nerve)
24
Q

What can the varicella zoster virus cause?

A

Usually ‘chicken pox’ → fever and vesicles in centripetal distribution

Occasionally:

  • VZV meningitis
  • Ramsey Hunt syndrome (recurrence in facial nerve)
25
Q

What can the herpes zoster virus cause?

A

Shingles

Can reoccur in the trigeminal nerves: trigeminal herpes zoster

26
Q

What are the main features of the Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Causes glandular fever

Transmitted through oral and genital secretions

Targets B-lymphocytes and becomes latent

Infects 50% of children by age 5 and 90% of adults

Symptoms more severe with increasing age: pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, hepatitis

Reactivation occurs, usually asymptomatic

Associated with certain cancers (e.g. lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinomas) and MS

27
Q

What are the main features of cytomegalovirus?

A

Causes glandular fever

Transmitted by oral and genital secretions, breast milk, urine, blood and congenital.

Infection occurs in 50% of adults

Symptoms more severe with increasing age: fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatitis

Congenital infection causes hearing loss, seizures, visual loss, microcephaly

Reactivation occurs at random or when immunocompromised; causes retinitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, colitis

AC1 (32 decks)

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