Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology > Viral immunology, pathogenesis etc. > Flashcards

Viral immunology, pathogenesis etc. Flashcards

1
Q

4 host defense systems from outside in?

A
  1. Anatomical & chemical barriers
  2. Intrinsic (e.g. interferons, autophagy etc.)
  3. Innate imune system
  4. Adaptive immune sysestem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4 intrinsic methods of defense.

A

Intrinsic defense systems are always present in the uninfected cell.

◦ Apoptosis
◦ Autophagy
◦ RNA interference (or RNA silencing)
◦ Antiviral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the classic signs of inflammation in latin (5).

A

calor (heat)
dolor (pain)

functio laesa (loss of function)

rubor (redness)
tumor (swelling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three classes of cytokines:

A

Proinflammatory
Anti-inflammatory
Chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do proinflammatory cytokines do?

A

◦ IL-1, TNF, IL-6, IL12
◦ Promote leukocyte activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do anti-inflammatory cytokines do?

A

◦ IL-10, IL-4, TGFβ
◦ Suppress proinflammatory cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do chemokines cytokines do?

A

◦ IL-8
◦ Recruit immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 Viral countermeasures to cytokines:

A

◦ Interrupt cytokine production
◦ Interfere with cytokine action
◦ Interfere with cytokine effector function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do cytopathic viruses usually stimulate potent immune responses?

A

causing cell and tissue damage produces DAMPs which amplify immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What “chains” are antibodies made up of?

A

four polypeptide chains, comprising two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains, and can be thought of as forming a flexible Y-shaped structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 5 types of Ig.

A

A, D, E, G, M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of IgA

A

mucosal, secretory

The most abundant type of antibody in the body, comprising most of the immunoglobulin in secretions and a significant amount of circulating immunoglobulin.

In secretions, it serves to protect the mucosal tissues from microbial invasion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of IgD

A

Surface of B cells.

IgD functions as a B cell antigen receptor and may participate in B cell maturation, maintenance, activation, and silencing.

Although the exact function is still unclear, IgD may be involved in humoral immune responses by regulating B cell selection and homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of IgE

A

Allergy, anaphylaxis, epithelial surfaces.

IgE plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially mast cell/basophil activation, and in antigen presentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of IgG

A

Major systemic immunity, memory responses.

most common type of antibody found in blood circulation

Controls infection of body tissues by binding and thus neutralizing many kinds of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of IgM

A

Major systemic immunity, primary response, agglutination.

IgM is the first antibody isotype produced during an immune response and functions as a primary barrier against pathogens. Activates the complement system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is a susceptible cell defined in the context of viral pathogenesis?

A

Susceptible cell has a functional receptor for a given virus.
The cell may or may not be able to support viral replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is a resistant cell defined in the context of viral pathogenesis?

A

Resistant cell has no receptor suitable for the virus.
The cell may or may not be competent to support viral replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is a permissive cell defined in the context of viral pathogenesis?

A

Permissive cell has the capacity to replicate virus.
The cell may or may not be susceptible.

20
Q

How is a Susceptible AND permissive cell defined in the context of viral pathogenesis?

A

Susceptible AND permissive cell is the only cell that can take up a virus particle and replicate it.

So for the virus to be able to replicate the cell has to be both susceptible and permissive.

21
Q

What are Three requirements for a successfu viral infection:

A
  1. Enough virus
  2. Cells must be accessible, susceptible and permissive.
  3. Local antiviral defence absent or overcome
22
Q

tissue tropism

A

Tissue tropism refers to the spectrum of tissues infected by a virus.
Enterotropic, neurotropic, hepatotropic etc.

23
Q

Some determinants of tissue tropism are (4)

A

cellular susceptibility,
permittivity (permissiveness),
accessibility and
defence.

24
Q

virulence

A

is the capacity of a virus to cause disease in a host.

25
Q

An attenuated vaccine is

A

a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent.

26
Q

Virulence can be quantified: (4)

A

Virus titer (concentration of virus detected in host)
Mean time to death
Mean time to appearance of signs
Measurement of pathological lesions (poliovirus); reduction in blood CD4+ lymphocytes (HIV-1)

27
Q

PFU

A

A plaque-forming unit is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume.

28
Q

Four classes of viral virulence genes:

A
  1. Genes/gene products that affect viral replication
  2. Genes encoding toxins
  3. Genes encoding modifiers of host defence mechanisms (min. 1 in any successful virus)
  4. Gene/gene products that enable virus to spread in the host
29
Q

Viroporins

A

some viruses encode proteins called viroporins that punch holes in the cell membrane and cellular contents then leak out

30
Q

pyroptosis

A

is a highly inflammatory form of lytic programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens

31
Q

viral syncytium

A

can cause host cell membrane to fuse with neighboring cells

Syncytia result from the fusion of an infected cell with neighboring cells, leading to the formation of multinucleated, enlarged cells. This process is triggered by the surface expression of viral fusion proteins that are fusogenic directly at the host cell membrane.

e.g. HIV, covid-19

32
Q

CPE

A

Cytopathic effect

◦ Cell rounding and detachment from substrate
◦ Cell lysis
◦ Formation of syncytia
◦ Formation of inclusion bodies and vacuoles

33
Q

Outcomes of CPE:

A

apoptosis (no inflammatory reaction)
necrosis (with inflammaotry reaction)

34
Q

What is immunopathology?

A

The term immunopathology refers to the clinical signs caused by the host response to infection.

35
Q

YOPI

A

young, old, pregnant, immunosuppressed

important host factors that affect susceptibility to viral infection

36
Q

Four outcomes when a virus encounters a cell

A
  1. Productive or permissive infection
  2. Nonpermissive infection
  3. Abortive or non-productive infection
  4. Latent infection
37
Q

Latency implies

A

that the virus can productively replicate given the right condition.

38
Q

Hematogenous spread of virus

A

viremia

In hematogenous spread, viruses spread to target organs using the bloodstream.

39
Q

Nonpermissive infection means that

A

the cell is completely resistant to infection

40
Q

Abortive or non-productive infection means

A

the virus enters the cell, but replication becomes irreversibly blocked at some
step before particles are produced

41
Q

Latent infection means

A

the viral genome is present in the cell, but no or only a few viral proteins are produced.

42
Q

Neuroinvasive virus can

A

enter the CNS after infection of a peripheral site.

43
Q

Neurovirulent virus can

A

cause disease of nervous tissue.

44
Q

viral IP

A

incubation period

– time from incursion of the agent to the host to appearance of clinical signs

45
Q

Name 5 General patterns of infection

A

peracute: very severe and of very short duration, generally proving quickly fatal
acute
latent
persistent: asymptomatic
persistent: pathogenic

46
Q

What are the different patterns of persistence?

A

Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. So acute or latent.

Virology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions