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Cell Bio Exam 3 > Vino Terms > Flashcards

Vino Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aneuploidy

A

nondisjunction during meiosis

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2
Q

Monosomy XO

A

Turner syndrome (sperm has the problem)

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3
Q

Monosomy YO

A

lethal in embryo

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4
Q

Trisomy XXX

A

in female, no problems, 2 Barr bodies

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5
Q

Trisomy XXY

A

in male, Klinefelter syndrome, low sperm production

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6
Q

Trisomy XYY

A

in male, Jacobs syndrome, generally fertile

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7
Q

Retroviruses

A

ssRNA, enveloped, high oncogenic ability, low cytotoxic inflammatory response

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8
Q

Adenoviruses

A

dsDNA, non enveloped, high cytotoxic inflammatory response

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9
Q

Adeno-associated viruses

A

ssDNA, non enveloped, low inflammatory response, low oncogenic abilities

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10
Q

Herpes simplex viruses

A

dsDNA, enveloped, able to affect neurons, not rejected by immune system

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11
Q

Nonviral methods

A

chemical uptake with calcium phosphate, physical electroporation, injection of naked plasmid DNA, membrane fusion with liposomes, poly-K PEG DNA nanoparticles, receptor mediated uptake

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12
Q

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

A

caused by a defect in a single gene, gene is regulated in “always on” fashion

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13
Q

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

A

severe immune response to adenoviral vector

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14
Q

Killer T cells

A

treatment of melanoma, modified T cells using ex vivo retrovirus to attack to attack the cancer cells

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15
Q

Gendicine

A

delivers p53 tumor suppressor gene

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16
Q

Glybera

A

treat lipoprotein lipase deficiency

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17
Q

Kymriah

A

treat children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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18
Q

Luxturna

A

first in vivo, cure for levers congenital amaurosis

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19
Q

Zolgensma

A

for pediatric patients, for spinal muscular atrophy, based on Adeno-associated virus vector

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20
Q

Restriction sites

A

specific sequence of DNA that can be cut by endonucleases

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21
Q

Blunt ends

A

done by endonucleases, cut the DNA in the same spot on both strands

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22
Q

Stick ends

A

done by endonucleases, cut DNA at different spots on each strand

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23
Q

PCR steps

A

denaturation of DNA helix, anneal forward and reverse primers, extension of primers

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24
Q

protein production in bacteria

A

fast and easy, cannot glycosylate

25
Q

protein production in mammals

A

slow and expensive, can glycosylate

26
Q

purification techniques

A

affinity based chromatography, cleavage of the tag, ion exchange, size exclusion, reverse-phase

27
Q

Alteplase

A

tissue plasminogen activator

28
Q

Darbepoetin

A

glycosylation

29
Q

Glycosylation

A

in cell-cell recognition, sialic acid “cap” - determines lifetime of protein in blood, asialoglycoprotein - removes immunoglobulins and peptide hormones, oligosaccharides - role in recognition

30
Q

Pegylation

A

addition of polar tales so improved PK properties, Filgrastism

31
Q

Naloxegol

A

advanced pegylation

32
Q

Truncation

A

Fuzeon (inhibits fusion)

33
Q

Maraviroc

A

blocks HIV gp120 protein

34
Q

Sites of Drug Targeting for HIV

A

CD4 receptors, entry/fusion inhibitors (reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors)

35
Q

Maxam gilbert sequencing

A

long reaction with dangerous materials

36
Q

PCR

A

safer than maxam gilbert, electrophoresis and fluorescently labeled ddNTPs = automated sequencing

37
Q

Next gen sequencing

A

sequence can be done in parallel and only need one strand of DNA (Illumina sequencing, Roche 454, Ion torrent)

38
Q

Fourth generation-nanopore sequencing

A

sequencing by blood sample

39
Q

SNPs - single nucleotide polymorphism

A

could change a nucleotide or not, HapMap project goal: identify patterns of SNPs

40
Q

Earth biogenome project

A

developed to sequence the genomes of all known species

41
Q

Epigenomics

A

study in regulation of gene activity, expression, not gene sequence

42
Q

NIH roadmap epigenomics program

A

origins of a disease as a result of genes, specifically epigenetic mechanisms that control set cell differentiation and organogenesis

43
Q

Human proteome map

A

forms draft map of human proteome project, using mass spectrometry

44
Q

Transgenic mice

A

see effects of how the gene is expressed at a specific time and location, ability of promoter to direct gene expression, normal gene is replaced by engineered gene

45
Q

Inbred strains of mice

A

have the same genetic makeup

46
Q

Knockout mice

A

normal gene is missing or engineered is not translated

47
Q

Knocking mice

A

engineered gene changes function of normal gene or how much it is transcribed

48
Q

Conditional knockout mice

A

gene is removed due to outside substance in specific tissues

49
Q

Random gene insertion

A

early vectors placed the gene anywhere in the genome

50
Q

Targeted gene insertion

A

requires desired gene

51
Q

Neo

A

encodes an enzyme that inactivates neomycin and is lethal to mammalian cells

52
Q

Tk gene

A

encodes thymidine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates the nucleoside analog ganciclovir

53
Q

Ganiciclovir

A

kills cells that contain tk gene by inserting the nonfunctional nucleotide into freshly replicating DNA

54
Q

Positive selection

A

Neo gene, homologous and non homologous recombination has occurred

55
Q

Negative selection

A

Tk gene, non homologous recombination has occurred

56
Q

Cre-lox P recombination

A

deletes a specific portion of DNA, the lox P sites work in Paris and add DNA on either side to segment of DNA and inactivate that gene

57
Q

Drawbacks of knockout mice

A

developmentally lethal, failure to produce the change, different change than that predicted in humans

58
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 system

A

no additional DNA, fast and efficient, changing many genes at once, make heritable genes in one generation, minimize off target gene disruptions, generate knock in and knockout cell lines

Cell Bio Exam 3 (1 decks)

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