Vino Terms

Question 1

Aneuploidy

Answer 1

nondisjunction during meiosis

Question 2

Monosomy XO

Answer 2

Turner syndrome (sperm has the problem)

Question 3

Monosomy YO

Answer 3

lethal in embryo

Question 4

Trisomy XXX

Answer 4

in female, no problems, 2 Barr bodies

Question 5

Trisomy XXY

Answer 5

in male, Klinefelter syndrome, low sperm production

Question 6

Trisomy XYY

Answer 6

in male, Jacobs syndrome, generally fertile

Question 7

Retroviruses

Answer 7

ssRNA, enveloped, high oncogenic ability, low cytotoxic inflammatory response

Question 8

Adenoviruses

Answer 8

dsDNA, non enveloped, high cytotoxic inflammatory response

Question 9

Adeno-associated viruses

Answer 9

ssDNA, non enveloped, low inflammatory response, low oncogenic abilities

Question 10

Herpes simplex viruses

Answer 10

dsDNA, enveloped, able to affect neurons, not rejected by immune system

Question 11

Nonviral methods

Answer 11

chemical uptake with calcium phosphate, physical electroporation, injection of naked plasmid DNA, membrane fusion with liposomes, poly-K PEG DNA nanoparticles, receptor mediated uptake

Question 12

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Answer 12

caused by a defect in a single gene, gene is regulated in “always on” fashion

Question 13

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Answer 13

severe immune response to adenoviral vector

Question 14

Killer T cells

Answer 14

treatment of melanoma, modified T cells using ex vivo retrovirus to attack to attack the cancer cells

Question 15

Gendicine

Answer 15

delivers p53 tumor suppressor gene

Question 16

Glybera

Answer 16

treat lipoprotein lipase deficiency

Question 17

Kymriah

Answer 17

treat children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 18

Luxturna

Answer 18

first in vivo, cure for levers congenital amaurosis

Question 19

Zolgensma

Answer 19

for pediatric patients, for spinal muscular atrophy, based on Adeno-associated virus vector

Question 20

Restriction sites

Answer 20

specific sequence of DNA that can be cut by endonucleases

Question 21

Blunt ends

Answer 21

done by endonucleases, cut the DNA in the same spot on both strands

Question 22

Stick ends

Answer 22

done by endonucleases, cut DNA at different spots on each strand

Question 23

PCR steps

Answer 23

denaturation of DNA helix, anneal forward and reverse primers, extension of primers

Question 24

protein production in bacteria

Answer 24

fast and easy, cannot glycosylate

Question 25

protein production in mammals

Answer 25

slow and expensive, can glycosylate

Question 26

purification techniques

Answer 26

affinity based chromatography, cleavage of the tag, ion exchange, size exclusion, reverse-phase

Question 27

Alteplase

Answer 27

tissue plasminogen activator

Question 28

Darbepoetin

Answer 28

glycosylation

Question 29

Glycosylation

Answer 29

in cell-cell recognition, sialic acid "cap" - determines lifetime of protein in blood, asialoglycoprotein - removes immunoglobulins and peptide hormones, oligosaccharides - role in recognition

Question 30

Pegylation

Answer 30

addition of polar tales so improved PK properties, Filgrastism

Question 31

Naloxegol

Answer 31

advanced pegylation

Question 32

Truncation

Answer 32

Fuzeon (inhibits fusion)

Question 33

Maraviroc

Answer 33

blocks HIV gp120 protein

Question 34

Sites of Drug Targeting for HIV

Answer 34

CD4 receptors, entry/fusion inhibitors (reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors)

Question 35

Maxam gilbert sequencing

Answer 35

long reaction with dangerous materials

Question 36

PCR

Answer 36

safer than maxam gilbert, electrophoresis and fluorescently labeled ddNTPs = automated sequencing

Question 37

Next gen sequencing

Answer 37

sequence can be done in parallel and only need one strand of DNA (Illumina sequencing, Roche 454, Ion torrent)

Question 38

Fourth generation-nanopore sequencing

Answer 38

sequencing by blood sample

Question 39

SNPs - single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 39

could change a nucleotide or not, HapMap project goal: identify patterns of SNPs

Question 40

Earth biogenome project

Answer 40

developed to sequence the genomes of all known species

Question 41

Epigenomics

Answer 41

study in regulation of gene activity, expression, not gene sequence

Question 42

NIH roadmap epigenomics program

Answer 42

origins of a disease as a result of genes, specifically epigenetic mechanisms that control set cell differentiation and organogenesis

Question 43

Human proteome map

Answer 43

forms draft map of human proteome project, using mass spectrometry

Question 44

Transgenic mice

Answer 44

see effects of how the gene is expressed at a specific time and location, ability of promoter to direct gene expression, normal gene is replaced by engineered gene

Question 45

Inbred strains of mice

Answer 45

have the same genetic makeup

Question 46

Knockout mice

Answer 46

normal gene is missing or engineered is not translated

Question 47

Knocking mice

Answer 47

engineered gene changes function of normal gene or how much it is transcribed

Question 48

Conditional knockout mice

Answer 48

gene is removed due to outside substance in specific tissues

Question 49

Random gene insertion

Answer 49

early vectors placed the gene anywhere in the genome

Question 50

Targeted gene insertion

Answer 50

requires desired gene

Question 51

Neo

Answer 51

encodes an enzyme that inactivates neomycin and is lethal to mammalian cells

Question 52

Tk gene

Answer 52

encodes thymidine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates the nucleoside analog ganciclovir

Question 53

Ganiciclovir

Answer 53

kills cells that contain tk gene by inserting the nonfunctional nucleotide into freshly replicating DNA

Question 54

Positive selection

Answer 54

Neo gene, homologous and non homologous recombination has occurred

Question 55

Negative selection

Answer 55

Tk gene, non homologous recombination has occurred

Question 56

Cre-lox P recombination

Answer 56

deletes a specific portion of DNA, the lox P sites work in Paris and add DNA on either side to segment of DNA and inactivate that gene

Question 57

Drawbacks of knockout mice

Answer 57

developmentally lethal, failure to produce the change, different change than that predicted in humans

Question 58

CRISPR-Cas9 system

Answer 58

no additional DNA, fast and efficient, changing many genes at once, make heritable genes in one generation, minimize off target gene disruptions, generate knock in and knockout cell lines