Vinification Flashcards
what is vinification ?
the art of winemaking
when does vinification begin ?
once the grapes arrive at the winery
what are the 8 vinification factors
- pre fermentation factors
- fermentation
- types of winemaking
3.1. white, rose and red wine
3.2. sparkling wine
3.3.sweet or fortified wine - fermentation vessels
- aging and maturation
- important vinification terms :
6.1 malolactic fermentation
6.2. carbonic marceration
6.3. lees contact
6.4. must adjustment - preparation for bottling
- packaging
what is fermentation ?
fermentation is a chemical reaction
sugar from ripe grape juice + yeast ( ambient or inoculated = alcohol, co2, flavors + aromas, heat
what are the pre fermentation factors ?
- sorting : to remove damaged fruit, branches, leaves, unwanted items , can be done cluster by cluster or by selecting single grapes from clusters
- de-stemming : winemakers can elect to destem or not, affecting flavor and style of the finished wine
- crushing : optimally a gentle process, too much force can release unwanted bitterness and tannins
name some fermentation vessel sizes + shapes
- large : 1000+ liters called a founder
- small : 225 liters called barrique
- egg shaped
name some fermentation vessel materials
- wood
- stainless steel
- concrete
name the winemaking steps for white wine
1.harvest red or white grapes
2. de-stem or whole cluster
3.crush
4. press juice/must from skins
. skin contact
5. fermentation
6. aging options
. none
. lees contact
. barrel ( type + size )
7. fine and or filter
8. bottle
name the winemaking steps for rose wine
1.harvest red grapes
2. de-stem or whole cluster
3.crush
4. press juice/must from skins
. skin contact limited
5. fermentation
6. aging options
. none
. barrel ( type + size )
7. fine and or filter
8. bottle
name the winemaking steps for red wine
1.harvest red grapes
2. de-stem or whole cluster
3.crush
4. skins and seeds macerated with must
5. fermentation
6. press juice/must from skins
7.. aging options
. none
. barrel ( type + size )
7. fine and or filter
8. bottle
what options does aging a wine after fermentation provide the winemaker
to alter the flavors and style in accordance with their objectives
what does barrel aging do ?
- evaporation : of excess water
- oxidation : causes color change in wine
white wines darken from yellow to gold
red wines tend to lighten in color - textural changes : aging in oak softens the wine
- flavors change: these flavors are imparted from the barrel to the wine
- vanilla
- oak
- toast
- spice( cinnamon, clove, allspice
- coconut
what are other considerations regarding barrel aging ?
- how old is the barrel
1.1 new oak imparts the most flavor to wine
1.2 older or used oak becomes neutral in its 4th - 6th year of use, even though they do not impart the wood-based aromas or flavors they contribute oxidative flavors and textural effects to the wine - financial considerations
very expensive, cheaper alternatives : oak chips or planks can be used for inexpensive wines - size of the barrel
- large barrel : will impart less flavor
- small barrel : will impart more flavor because higher percentage id liquid is in contact with the barrel
- types of oak : different types of oak impart unique flavors depending on origin and climate where oak trees were grown
- toast level
what flavors does American oak impart to the wine ?
often bold, more intense flavors of
1. vanilla
2. baking spices
3. dill
4. coconut
what flavors does French oak impart to the wine ?
often subtler aromas of
1. vanilla
2. toast
3. spice