Vines Flashcards
Term used for the branch of agriculture that specifically deals with the intentional cultivation of grapevines
Viticulture
Vine branches start as
Spurs
Spurs develop into young, thin
Canes
Canes eventually form thicker arms called
Cordons
Cutting a healthy young cane, placing it into water to grow roots is called
Cloning
Adding a cutting to a rootstock is called
Field grafting
Ideal regions in latitude for both Northern and Southern Hemispheres to grow grapes
Between 30 - 50 degrees
Tiny shoots emerging from nodes in a vine’s branch are called
Buds
How many days after bud breaking does the next phase occur and what is it called
40 - 80 days
Flowering
Fertilized flowers will become the foundation for one or more
Grapes
Fertilized flowers become seeds
Vinifera grapevines are self-pollinating relying on what
The breeze
What is the ideal weather during flowering
Warm, dry weather
The transition from flower to berry is called
Berry set or fruit set
Term for poor fruit set with many flowers failing to become fully developed berries is called
Coulure in French
Shatter in English
(Sometimes caused by bad weather during flowering)
Grape bunches with high proportion of small seedless berries mixed with normal, larger, seed-bearing grapes is called
Millerandage
“Abnormal fruit set”
Mature size of grapes
Approximately 1/2 - 3/4”
How long after fruit set does it take for a grape to mature
Approximately 3 months
After 1 1/2 months of berry growth a major change takes place called
Veraison
What happens during veraison?
Sudden acceleration toward maturation. Color changes grapes soften and enlarge. Sugar stores in fruit. Acidity levels fall. Seeds develop
How long after veraison does harvest take place?
1 1/2 - 2 months
The time from bud break to harvest is _____ but can also be as short as _____ or as long as _____
140 - 160 days
110 days
200 days
The vine’s metabolic process
4
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Transpiration
Translocation
During photosynthesis leaves convert
Carbon dioxide and water into sugar
Photosynthesis depends primarily on
2
Sunshine and temperature
Photosynthesis slows at what temperature range
Below 50° and above 95°
Optimal sugar production takes place on sunny days with temperatures between
70° to 85°
Ideal conditions for photosynthesis during the growing season
(5)
Warm, long, clear days
Minimal shading
Southern aspect in Northern hemisphere or Northern aspect in Southern hemisphere
What occurs as the plant breaks down sugars and related carbohydrates in order to release their energy for use by the plant for activities such as root and leaf growth
Respiration
During veraison and at other times when sugar is unavailable the vine shifts from metabolizing sugar to metabolizing what for energy?
Malic acid
For every 18° increase in temperature the rate of respiration…
Doubles
The warmer the temperature the faster the plant respires and the quicker the…
Acid level drops as the vine uses it’s acid for energy
What temperature of nights are beneficial for the ripening of grapes as this will minimize the acid lost during a time when photosynthesis is not taking place
Cool nights
What weather conditions allow maximum photosynthesis and enabled the grapes to retain sufficient natural acidity
Warm to hot afternoons but cool to cold nights
Best conditions for producing grapes that are rich and sugar and still maintain significant amounts of natural acidity are
Warm (but not hot) cloudless days and cool nights in a well groomed vineyard that slopes toward the sun
The opening of the underside of the leaves
Stomata
The process by which water evaporates through stomata
Transpiration
A shutdown of transpiration will stop what activity and why
Photosynthetic activity
Stomata also control the intake of carbon dioxide
During sunny, hot, windy and dry conditions transpiration is
Highest
During cloudy, cool, still and humid conditions transpiration is
Lowest
The process by which materials are moved from one area of the plant to another is
Translocation
Condition around a single vines canopy
Microclimate
Conditions of an entire Vineyard
Mesoclimate
Conditions of an overall region
Macroclimate
Finds need how many inches of water annually
20 to 30 inches
The world’s greatest Vineyard sites seem to have two things in common in regards to soil
They are not very fertile
There soils regulate the supply of water to the vine
Soil type:
Very fine particles that fit together so tightly that water has difficulty passing through
Clay
Soil type:
Particles of intermediate size
Silt
Soil type:
Course particles with relatively little water retention capacity
Sand
Soil type:
Larger pieces of solid inorganic matter, essentially, inert obstacles that roots must pass around, or sometimes through, to reach water and nutrients
Rocks and stones
Climates strongly influenced by an ocean with high rainfall and mild temperatures overall is called
Maritime climate
Climates in areas far from oceanic effects, they have hotter summers and cold winters, sometimes extreme in both directions, and may have less precipitation are called
Continental climates
Climates caused in certain places by planetary scale air-mass circulation; they are typified by warm, dry summers, mild, wet winters and low humidity are called
Mediterranean climates
Climates in areas that has such cool temperature or such a short summer growing season the grapes are just barely able to achieve enough brightness for harvesting before autumn frost are called
Marginal climate
Diseases spread by propagating infected vine cuttings, so controlling them relies on avoiding introducing them to a new vineyard plantings or grafting vines is called
Viral disease
Disease is more likely spread by insects and animals that carry the microbe is called
Bacterial disease
A bacteriological examination of the host by resulting in premature leaf fall is called
Pierce’s disease
What insects usually spread Pierce’s disease
Several types of sharpshooters or leaf hoppers most notably the glass winged sharpshooter
Disease generally spread by airborne spores and become a problem mostly and warm, humid conditions (ideal conditions) is called
Fungal disease
Fungal disease:
Powdery mildew is a.k.a.
Oidium
Fungal disease:
Downy mildew is a.k.a.
Peronospora
Botrytis Cinerea when harmful on ripening grapes is a.k.a.
Gray mold
Botrytis Cinerea developing on fully ripe grapes is a.k.a.
Noble rot
White grapes that benefit from Botrytis Cinerea
3
Semillon
Riesling
Chenin Blanc
Botrytis Cinerea in French
Pourriture Noble
Botrytis Cinerea in German
Edelfaule
Disease that filaments through the skin of the grape and into the juice, extracting water from inside the berries, concentrating the great sugars and flavors while adding it’s own honeysuckle aroma is
Botrytis Cinerea
Botrytis Cinerea develops best under special climatic conditions
(2)
Morning fog, provides humidity to nurture BC growth
Afternoon sun, prevents fungus from spreading over entire vine
Phylloxera is native to
The eastern United States
Microscopic roundworm that feeds on the vines roots is called
(Soil based pests)
Nematode
Removing excess foliage, branches and nodes to allow the grapevine to focus its energies on supplying a small quantity of grape bunches with its entire output of sugar and nutrients is called
Pruning
Shoots that have not yet become Woody and bark covered like older branches (
one or two-year-old shoots)
Canes
Pruning:
Canes trimmed to leave about 6 to 10 nodes or buds
Cane pruning
Pruning:
Several cans left but are trimmed to a length of only a few inches, containing just one or two notes each
Spur pruning
Training system:
No trellis is used, the vine grows like a bush or mini tree, spur pruning is the norm
Head training
or
Bush training
Training system:
A simple cane pruning system in which one came from each Vine in a row is trained a long wire, all of them in the same direction, to give maximum separation between grape bunches
Single guyot
To canes and opposite directions on the same wire is a double guyot
Training system:
Same as Guyot, except spur pruned. The branch or branches holding the Spurs soon become as woody as the vines trunk, distinguishing the difference between the two systems
Cordon
Training system:
Overhead vine trained up a tall support, then allowed to spread out horizontally, with fruit hanging down
Pergola
VSP
Vertical shoot positioning
Two most common tools used to measure grape sugar
Refractometer
Or
Hydrometer (The more old-fashioned)
To estimate the ethanol level in a finished dry wine the conversion factor is what percent of the Brix value
5/9th
Or
55%
A unit of measurement used primarily in France, that reflects the potential alcohol level in millimeters per 100 mm of wine
Baume
System used in Germany and Switzerland that measures the great must
Oechsle
Measurement in Austria that measures the exact sugar content of the must
Klosterneuburger Mostwaage
KMW
Grape growing without the use of manufactured fertilizers or pesticides
Organic viticulture
How many years must a vineyard be free from all prohibited materials before it can be certified organic
3
IPM
Integrated pest management
Targeted approach in dealing with tests in a vineyard to eliminate or control only the insects present and causing damage, rather than kill all as some may be beneficial
Integrated pest management
Organic viticulture with the addition of metaphysical elements and a few mandated procedures
Biodynamic viticulture
The philosophy of biodynamics developed in the early 20th century by
Rudolf Steiner
Certification is available as a biodynamic vineyard through a private organization called
Demeter international
Same goals as organic and biodynamic viticulture but less restrictive in procedure and more aware of global warming, greenhouse gases and water usage
Sustainable viticulture
Programs associated with sustainable viticulture
3
Lodi Winegrape Commission’s
“Lodi Rules”
Napa Valley Vinter’s
“Napa Green”
New York State
“Vine Balance”
