VIII - Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards
A gas formed by sunlight-driven reactions involving nitrogen oxides. Together with oxides and fine particulate matter, it forms “smog”.
Ozone(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282
A nonirritating , colorless, tasteless, odorless gas produced bu the imperfect oxidation of carbonaceous materials. Binds to hemoglobin with high affinity causing systemic asphyxiation and CNS depression.
Carbon monoxide(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282
Carbon monoxide in the blood is called _______.
Carboxyhemoglobin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282
Acute poisoning of carbon monoxide produces this characteristic color of the skin and mucous membranes.
Cherry red color(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 283
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia, with basophilic stippling of erythrocytes, peripheral demyelinating neuropathy which manifests as footdrop and wristdrop, colic characterized by extremely severe, poorly localized abdominal pain, and chronic renal damage are the features of poisoning with this heavy metal.
Lead(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 283
Main source of exposure to this heavy metal are contamintaed fish and dental amalgams, causing tremor, gingivitis and bizarre behavior.
Mercury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285
Consumption of fish contaminated with methyl mercury causing cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero.
Minamata disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285
Antidote for mercury poisoning.
Thiomersal(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285
Chronic exposure with this heavy metal results in hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis which may develop into basal or squamous cell carcinomas.
Arsenic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285
This heavy metal is used mainly in batteries and fertilizers, which can contaminate soil. Can cause obstructive lung disease and kidney damage.
Cadmium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285
Disease caused by cadmium in Japan, presenting as a combination of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, associated with renal disease.
Itai-itai disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285
May be released from combustion of fossil fuels, burning of coal and gas, and also present in tar and soot. Among the most potent carcinogens, implicated in lung and bladder cancer.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287
Synthetic products that resist degradation and are lipophilic, typically used as pesticides, with anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity, and causes neurologic toxicity.
Organochlorines (e.g. DDT)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287
These can cause skin disorders such as folliculitis and chloracne, consisting of acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis, around the face and behind the ears.
Dioxins and Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287
It is the most preventable cause of human death.
Smoking(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287
Components of cigarette smoke that are potent carcinogens in animals and are most likely involved in the causation of lung carcinomas in humans.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 288
Chronic alcoholics are at an increased risk of developing this type of cancer as a result of liver injury.
Hepatocellular carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 290
These refer to untoward effects of drugs that are given in conventional therapeutic settings.
Adverse drug reactions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 291
A long acting tetracycline which can cause a diffuse blue-gray pigmentation of the skin.
Minocycline(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 293
Oral contraceptives have a protective effect against these cancers.
Endometrial and ovarian CA(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer in women.
Cervical CA(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Prolonged use of oral contraceptives is associated with the development of this rare benign tumor especially in older women.
Hepatic adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Toxic metabolite of paracetamol or acetaminophen causing centrilobular necrosis that may progress to liver failure.
NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Ed p. 422
Toxic dose for acetaminophen.
15-25 grams/day(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.
N-acetylcysteine(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Manifested by headache, dizziness, tinnitus, difficulty of hearing, mental confusion, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with CNS changes that can progress to convulsions and coma.
Salicylism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Adult toxic dose of aspirin.
10-30 grams(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
Mixtures of aspirin and phenacetin, or its active metabolite acetaminophen, when taken over several years can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis and renal papillary necrosis called _______.
Analgesic nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294
This drug of abuse can precipitate lethal arrythmias, hyperpyrexia, seizures, amd respiratory arrest during acute overdose. Causes nasal septal perforation, decrease in lung diffusing capacity in those who inhale smoke and dilated cardiomyopathy during chronic use.
Cocaine or “crack” (cocaine derivative)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 295
Addictive opiod derived from the poppy plant which can cause euphoria, hallucinations, somnolence, sedation, and increased risk of sudden death.
Heroin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 296
Drug made from the leaves of Cannabis sativa plant which can cause distortion of sensory perception and impairs motor coordination.
Marijuana(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297
Psychoactive substance found in marijuana.
Delta 9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297
Mechanism of action of aspirin.
Irreversibly blocks the enzyme cyclooxygenase.(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297
A wound produced by scraping or rubbing resulting in removal of superficial layer of the skin.
Abrasion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298
A wound usually produced by a blunt object, characterized by damage to blood vessels and extravasation of blood into tissues.
Contusion (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298
A tear or disruptive stretching of tissue caused by the application of force by a blunt object, causing jagged and irregular edges to the skin.
Laceration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298
A wound inflicted by a sharp instrument, wherein bridging blood vessels are severed.
Incision(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298
A wound caused by a long, narrow instrument.
Puncture wound(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298