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Physio > VI Blood circulation > Flashcards

VI Blood circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What type of receptors do epinephrine act on?

A

Mainly beta but also alpha receptors. The distribution of the adrenergic receptors and their sensitivity is tissue specific

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2
Q

What effect does acetylcholine have on blood pressure?

A

It decreases blood pressure because it sets free nitric acid and inhibits cardiac activity

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3
Q

What causes vagus apnoea?

A

Stimulating the vagus, due to the hering-breuer reflex

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4
Q

How does the pressor area act?

A

Spontaneous activity, acts by stimulating the thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. It had positive chrono, dromo, bathmo and inotrop effect of the heart

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5
Q

What happens if the depressor area is stimulated?

A

A drop in blood pressure via the vagus nerve. Has a negative dromo, bathmo, chrono and inotrop effect on the heart.

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6
Q

The vasomotor centers respond to changes in blood pressure level by altering the ___ (1) (direct effect) or __ (2) (negative effect on the heart)

A

1 - sympathetic

2 - parasympathetic (vagal)

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7
Q

What receptors do epinephrine effect?

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors and alpha 1 as well

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8
Q

Why does acetylcholine decrease blood pressure?

A

Sets free nitric acid and inhibits cardiac activity

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9
Q

The 2 centers in the pons?

A

Pneumotaxic and apneustic

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10
Q

Which part of the depressor nerve do you have to stimulate to cause vasodilatation?

A

Caudomedial depressor area

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11
Q

The vasomotor centre is located close to the respiratory centers in the …?

A

Reticular formation

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12
Q

What happens when the basal tone or vasoconstrictor tone decreases?

A

The blood vessel diameter increases, which results in higher perfusion

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13
Q

Large arteries

A

135/68 mmHg

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14
Q

Where can the chemoreceptors be found?

A

In the CNS at the bottom of the fourth ventricle, and in the peripheral circulation in the carotid body and aortic body

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15
Q

What happens to respiration when vagus nerve is stimulated?

A

Irregular respiration

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16
Q

Aorta

A

120/75 mmHg

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17
Q

Is the intrinsic regulation dependent on the nervous system?

A

No

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18
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located in the CNS?

A

At the bottom of the fourth ventricle

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19
Q

What does VRG stand for and what does it contain?

A

Ventral respiratory group and it contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

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20
Q

Afferent nerve of the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

Vagus nerve

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21
Q

Where are the vasomotor centers located in the brain?

A

Close to respiratory centre in the reticular formation

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22
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?

A

Changes in partial pressure of oxygen

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23
Q

Which vasomotor centre shows spontaneous activity?

A

Pressor area

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24
Q

What is the range of which baroreceptor mechanisms function?

A

50-170 mmHg

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25
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

23/9 mmHg

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26
Q

Where does the depressor area receive information from?

A

Peripheral receptors. It has no spontaneous activity

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27
Q

EDRF

A

Endothelium derived relaxing factors

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28
Q

Bayliss effect

A

The Bayliss effect in vascular smooth muscles cells is a response to stretch. This is especially relevant in arterioles of the body. When blood pressure is increased in the blood vessels and the blood vessels distend, they react with a constriction; this is the Bayliss effect. Stretch of the muscle membrane opens a stretch-activated ion channel. The cells then become depolarized and this results in a Ca2+ signal and triggers muscle contraction. It is important to understand that no action potential is necessary here; the level of entered calcium affects the level of contraction proportionally and causes tonic contraction

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29
Q

Stimulating the ___ (1) area and the ___ (2) area causes vasoconstriction and vasodilatation respectively

A

1 - craniolareral pressor area

2 - caudomedial depressor area

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30
Q

What happens when the vagus nerve is stimulated?

A

Blood pressure drop

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31
Q

Blood flow velocity capillaries

A

0.05 cm/sec

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32
Q

What is an important requirement for the Bayliss effect?

A

The metabolic demand of the organ has to remain constant

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33
Q

Large veins

A

2-5 mmHg

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34
Q

Left ventricle

A

120/8 mmHg

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35
Q

End of arteries

A

90/68 mmHg

36
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they found

A

They are stretch receptors and they are mostly found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus

37
Q

Which afferent nerve transfers stimuli from n.vagus to bronchopulmonary centre?

A

Expiratory neurons from pons respiratory group

38
Q

Where are the expiratory neurons located in the brain stem?

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

39
Q

Extrinsic (central) control involves …?

A

Nervous and humoral effects, reflex reactions and morphological changes

40
Q

Which area of the brain show spontaneous sympathetic activity?

A

The pressor area

41
Q

Increased pressure in the smooth muscle of the arterioles elicit …?

A

Contraction

42
Q

What vessels don’t contain parasympathetic innervation?

A

Skin and skeletal muscle resistance vessels

43
Q

Pulse wave velocity

A

7 m/sec

44
Q

What determines the actual diameter of the vessels?

A

A balance between the sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone and the locally produced nitric oxide by the endothelial cells

45
Q

What are the most important humoral factors affecting humoral control of blood pressure?

A

Adrenal hormones

46
Q

Decreased pressure in the smooth muscle of the arterioles elicit …?

A

Relaxation

47
Q

Venous end of capillaries

A

10 mmHg

48
Q

The vagus nerve transfers signals from ___ to the respiratory centers

A

Bronchopulmonary stretch receptors

49
Q

The baroreceptors in the aa have their afferents in ___ (1) and the ones in the cs have their afferents in the ___ (2)

A

1 - N. Vagus (X)

2 - Herings nerve (a branch of IX)

50
Q

What does the intrinsic (local) regulation do to the vessels?

A

Dilate the diameter

51
Q

Where are the centers responsible for the control of circulation located?

A

Brain stem

52
Q

What does the pontine respiratory group involve?

A

The pneumotaxic centre which facilitates expiration and the apneustic centre which facilitates inspiration

53
Q

What happens to the blood vessels for the EDRF and the EDCF to be produced?

A

Blood pressure deforms the endothelial cells

54
Q

What two ways inhibit the inspiration? What is this phenomenon called?

A
  1. Stimuli from the bronchopulmonary stretch receptors excite the expiratory neurons and the pontine respiratory group
  2. These stimuli inhibit the inspiratory neurons

Called the inspiration inhibiting reflex of the n. Vagus or the Hering-Breuer reflex

55
Q

Lung capillaries

A

23/9 mmHg

56
Q

What depends on the myotonic control of the diameter of arterioles and metarterioles in the microcirculatory bed?

A

Short term intrinsic control

57
Q

Increasing stimulation of volume receptors lead to increasing …?

A

Depressor activity which leads to vasodilatation (blood pressure drop)

58
Q

Which stump of the depressor nerve do you stimulate to decrease blood pressure?

A

Vagus nerve

59
Q

What happens to the vessels after denervation?

A

The vasoconstrictor tone disappears completely, the remaining tone is called basal tone and is caused by the spontaneous depolarization of smooth muscles

60
Q

Impulses transmitted by chemoreceptors induce rapid changes in …?

A

Ventilation

pCO2 increase and pO2 decrease = sympathetic activation

61
Q

EDCF

A

Endothelium derived contraction factors

62
Q

What does the Goltz experiment elicit and what does it stimulate

A

It elicits the carotid sinus reflex and stimulates the vagus, depressor and sympathetic nerves

63
Q

Where can you find the respiratory center/neurons?

A

Brain stem, pons close to the vasomotor center in the reticular formation

64
Q

Which part of the depressor nerve do you have to stimulate to cause vasoconstriction?

A

Craniolateral pressor area

65
Q

Blood flow velocity aorta

A

30-40 cm/sec

66
Q

What nerve is different in rabbits and what is it called? (In relation to baroreceptors)

A

Herings nerve is a separate nerve in rabbits and is called n.depressor

67
Q

Blood flow velocity large veins

A

15-20 cm/sec

68
Q

What two things have to happen in parallel to inhibit inspiration?

A

Stretch receptors have to be activated parallel to airway distention

69
Q

What do the Traube-Hering waves show and how are they obtained?

A

They show the inborn changes in the tone of the respiratory and vasomotor centers. They are obtained by connecting the lowermost points of the respiratory wave.

70
Q

What effect does short term stimulation of the vagus nerve have on the blood pressure?

A

Heart rate decrease, blood pressure decrease for a while

71
Q

What nerve ha the afferent fibers from baroreceptor in the carotid sinus?

A

Herings nerve

72
Q

Where are the volume receptors found?

A

In the lungs and the capacitance system of circulation (e.g. th right atrial wall)

73
Q

What are the reflex mechanisms based on?

A

Afferent information supplied by baro-, volume-, and chemoreceptors

74
Q

What can the Goltz experiment examine.

A

The neural factors controlling blood pressure and respiration

75
Q

What is the role of the apneustic center?

A

Inspiration

76
Q

Arterial end of capillaries

A

32 mmHg

77
Q

Which nerve is afferent from the heart?

A

N vagus

78
Q

Left atrium

A

6 mmHg

79
Q

What happens if you compress the carotid artery cranial to the carotid sinus?

A

Increase blood pressure

80
Q

What is the effect of compressing both left and right vagus nerve?

A

Respiration stops, then deeper and less frequent respiration, heart rate increases

81
Q

Right atrium

A

3 mmHg

82
Q

Where is the nuclei for the phrenic nerve located?

A

In the spinal segment of C4 (mainly inspiratory)

83
Q

What happens if you compress the carotid artery caudal to the carotid sinus?

A

Slow increase in systemic blood pressure

84
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors monitor?

A

The pH as well as the partial pressure of CO2 of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

85
Q

Right ventricle

A

25/0

86
Q

Right ventricle

A

25/0

Physio (9 decks)

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