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changing urban envirments > Vgjvgu > Flashcards

Vgjvgu Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation

A

A process where an increasing proportion of the population of the population lives in towns and cities (and there is a reduction living in urban areas)

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2
Q

What are the 2 causes of urbanisation

A

Rural-urban migration

Natural increase

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3
Q

Where is most of the urbanisation that’s occurring in the world

A

Poorer countries and it’s happening at a faster pace

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4
Q

What is rural-urban migration

A

A process in which people move from the countryside to the towns

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5
Q

What was the main attraction of industrial cities in the 19th century

A

Mechanisation was the driving force of farming, which led to unemployment amoungst farmers and the growth of large scale production in factories in towns

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6
Q

What causes relatively high levels of natural increase

A

Young people migrating into the towns

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7
Q

What may fuel n increase in the urban population

A

Falling death rates due to improved medical care means more babies are born than people dying

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8
Q

Why may people in poor countries move from a rural to an urban area

A

Shortage of services (school, power, water) in rural areas
People in rural areas believe living in urban areas offers a better standard of living
More jobs in urban areas; industry is attracted to cities as there is a larger workforce and better infrastructure

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9
Q

Why may people move from an urban area to a richer one in a rich country

A

Most urbanisation occurred during the industrial and agricultural revolution in the 19th century when people moved to work in new jobs in factories
People left in the 20th century from inner city areas and moved to the country but are now being encouraged to come back

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10
Q

What is the cod and where is it found

A

Central business district in the centre of a city

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11
Q

What is land use like in the CBD and what are land prices like

A

Commercial centre, shops, offices, transport routes, very few people live here
Buildings are tall due to high land prices

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12
Q

Where is the inner city found

A

Around the CBD

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13
Q

What is land use in the inner city like

A

Poor quality housing
Older industrial buildings
Run down and deprives area
Newer housing & industry where old deselect land has been redeveloped

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14
Q

How is land used in the suburbs and where is is located

A

Towards the edge of the city
Land is cheaper
Housing area
Tends to be less crime and pollution than the inner city

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15
Q

Where is the rural urban fringe and how is land used

A

Right at the edge of a city
Factories and farming
Fewer larger houses

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16
Q

How has land use in each part of a city changes over time

A

Shopping centres built in out of town locations, causing CBD shops to close
Inner city tower blocks removed and replaces with housing estates in the rural urban fringe
New housing on brownfield sites in the inner city instead of towards the edge of the city

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17
Q

What issues do cities have

A

Shortage of housing
Congestion no traffic
Ethnic segregation
Run down Cbds

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18
Q

What is a household

A

A person living alone or 2 or more people living at the same address sharing a living room

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19
Q

How much has the uk population increased by since 1971

A

7%

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20
Q

How many people are estimated to live in England by 2021

A

52.5 million

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21
Q

By how much has the number of households increased by since 1971

A

30%

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22
Q

How many people live alone in the uk

A

7 mill

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23
Q

How did the government plan to solve the housing issue by 2016

A

Build 240,000 new houses each year

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24
Q

What are brownfield sites

A

Land that has been built on before and is to be cleared and reused these sites are often in the inner city

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25
What are greenfield sites
Land that has not been built on before usually in the countryside on the edge of the built up areas
26
When for the first time ever did over half the world like in towns and cities
2008
27
What are urban development corporations
Set up in the 80s and 90s using public funding to buy land and improve inner areas of the city partly attracting provate investment
28
What is city challenge
A strategy which local authorities had to design a scheme and submit a bid for funding. Competing against other councils. They also had to become part of a partnership involving the local communities and provate companies who would fund part of the development
29
What are the ads of brow fields sites
``` Easier planning permission Sites in cities are not left derelict Existing infrastructure Rods exist already Near to town centre facilities Cuts commuting ```
30
Ads of building on greenfield sites
New sites do not need clearing so can be cheaper to prepare No restrictions on existing road network Pleasant countryside environment Some shops buisnesses Land cheaper More garden space
31
What is regeneration
Improving an area
32
Sustainable community
Community which offers housing, employment, recreation opportunities that is broadly balance with the environment and offers people a good quality of life
33
Quality of life
How good a persons life is measured by such things as quality of housing, environment, education, health care
34
Park and ride scheme
A bus service run to key places from car parks in order to reduce traffic flows and congestion
35
Segregation
Occurs where people of a particular ethnic group choose to live with others from the same ethnic group, sceptre from the other groups
36
How are some CBDs attracting more people
Pedestrianising areas to make them softer + nicer for shoppers Improving access Converting derelict buildings into shops Improving public areas
37
How has increased car use impacted urban areas
More pollution, damaging health and buildings More road accidents More traffic jams & congestions
38
How are traffic impacts being reduced
Improving public transport; encouraging people to use it Increasing car charges in parking areas; discouraging car use, and people use public transport Bus priority lanes; speed up bus services Pedestrianising certain areas; removing traffic Congestion charging Park and ride schemes
39
Why does ethnic segregation occur?
People prefer to live close to other of the same background; same language People live near to services; places of worship, shops They are often restricted to an area; lack of money
40
What is being done to support the multicultural nature of urban areas
Making sure everyone can access information Improving communications between all parts of the community by having people of different ethnic groups making decisions Providing interpreters at hospitals and police stations Making sure that there are suitable for the different cultures; some cultures believe it is unacceptable to be seen by a doctor of the opposite sex
41
What are squatter settlements
Areas of cities that are built by people of any materials they can find on land that does not belong to them
42
Informal sector
That part of the economy where jobs re created by people to try to get n income and which are not recognised in official figures
43
What is the urban development corporation strategy
The 1980 act requires an urban development corporation to secure the regeneration of its area, by bringing land and buildings into effective use, encouraging the development of existing and new industry and commerce, creating an attractive environment
44
What did the London docklands development achieve
£1.86 billion in public sector investment £7.7 billion in private sector investment 144 km of new road 2,700 buisnesses trading 85000 people now work at London docklands
45
What was city challenge
an initiative in the 1990s which was used as an approach to regeneration where local authorities, private companies and local companies worked together to improve the area
46
What did city challenge achieve
Crescents were built in the 1960s and demolished in the 1990s Hume received £37.5 through the strategy Local schools and a new park built Some old buildings were retained
47
Where are squatter settlements a growing problem
Poorer countries
48
What are squatter settlements like
Badly built Overcrowded No basic services; electricity or sewers
49
What are self help schemes
The local government and local people work together to improve life. The government supplies building materials and local people use them to build their own homes and the money saved from labour costs can be invested in electricity and sewers
50
What are site and service schemes
People pay a small amount of rent for a site and they can borrow money to buy building materials to build or Improve a house on their plot. The rent money provides basic services for the area
51
What are local authority schemes
These are funded by the local government and are about improving the temporary accommodation built by residents which aim to improve life for its inhabitants
52
What problems can expanding cities and rapidly urbanising and industrialising in poor areas of the world cause
Air & water pollution and disposal of waste
53
What happened in Bhopal in 1984
Poisonous gas escaped from a chemical plant and killed 3000 people
54
How does creation of electronic waste lead to health risks
In the cities people scrape for a living by breaking down PCs and monitors, they boil, crush and burn parts to extract gold or platinum which releases toxic chemicals like cadmium
55
Why is the Ganges river in its current state dangerous
It contains untreated sewage, cremated remains, chemicals and disease-causing microbes people wash laundry in it and drink from it
56
What is industrialisation
A process in which an increasing proportion of the population are employed in the manufacturing sector
57
Landfill
A means of disposing waste by digging a large hole and filling it with rubbish
58
Which are the main causes of air pollution
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide carbon dioxide
59
Sustainable city
An urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time. The environment is not damaged and the economic and social fabric, due to local involvement are able to stand the test of time
60
Green belt
Land on the edge of the built up area where restrictions are placed to prevent the outward sprawl of towns and cities and to protect the natural environment
61
Urban sprawl
The uncontrolled outward expansion of the built up area of a town or city
62
Why is waste disposal an issue in poorer countries
Money; poor countries are too poor to dispose of waste Infrastructure; poor countries don't have the required infrastructure Scale; the problem is huge
63
What effects does air pollution have
Leads to acid rain damaging buildings and vegetation Causes health problems Some pollutants destroy the ozone layer
64
How can air pollution be managed
Setting air quality standards for industries and constantly monitoring levels of pollutants
65
Effects of water pollution
Water pollution kills fish and other aquatic animals, disrupting food chains Harmful chemicals build up in the food chain and can eventually harm humans Contamination with water supplies can cause disease
66
How can water pollution be managed
Building sewage treatment plants | Passing laws forcing factories to remove pollutants
67
What does sustainable living means
Doing things in a way that's lets people living now have the things they need, but without reducing the ability of people in the future
68
How can you reduce waste and safely dispose of it
More recycling; fewer resources are used, less waste produced, less goes to landfill Safely disposing of toxic waste reduces air and water pollution
69
How can historic and natural buildings be preserved
Historic buildings can be restored and natural environments can be protected Existing parks should also be left alone
70
Why are carbon neutral homes excellent for a sustainable city
They generate as much energy as they use by having solar panels to produce energy, this can help provide homes to more people without damaging the environment
71
Why is creating an efficient transport system important for a sustainable city
Good PT means fewer cars on the road so pollution is reduced | Bus, train and trams use less fuel and give out less pollution

changing urban envirments (1 decks)

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