VetPrep Flashcards
Zoonotic pathogens shed in cow milk
- Salmonella dublin
- Brucella abortus
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis
Most effective treatment for leptospira infection in growing pigs
Long term use of tetracyclines. Vaccinations are usually only used in the breeding herd where bacterins, containing the appropriate serovar, can reduce the prevalence of infection and leptospirosis-induced abortions. Depopulation or euthanasia is not necessary as in growing pigs the clinical signs are not life threatening (leptospirosis-induced abortions is not a concern). Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are not useful against leptospirosis. Besides tetracycline antibiotics, other effective antibiotics include tylosin, erythromycin, and penicillins.
Toxocara (roundworms) cause what in people?
Visceral and ocular larva migrans
What endocrine disorder causes myxedma (increased amount of mucin and other ground substances in the dermis)
Hypothyroidism
Acromegaly
Nervous coccidiosis is a disease of cattle of what age?
<1 yr old
Hey, what’s produced by the liver??
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Urea
Antithromin III
3 most common causes of colic
- Intussusception
- Cecal dilation (+/- torsion)
- Abomasal volvulus
Synovial gout or articular gout cause and treatment
The disease occurs when uric acid crystallizes in the synovium and causes lameness. Allopurinol is used to decrease uric acid formation. The underlying pathophysiology is not completely understood, but renal disease is found in many affected birds; treatment generally consists of a low-protein diet, allopurinol, and addressing underlying renal disease.
3 MC abx for rodents:
- Enrofloxacin
- Chloramphenicol
- TMS
Carcinoma
These tumors come from epithelial cells including cells of glandular tissues such as salivary glands, mammary glands, and cells lining most tissues including squamous cells or transitional cells. The cytologic appearance is that of COHESIVE CLUSTERS of cells. Here, you can see some of the tight cellular junctions in the cluster which is typical. Cells are often polygonal in shape.
Which organisms is a normal inhabitant of the guttural pouch of a healthy horse?
Streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus
** Streptococcus equi ssp. equi can be present when there is guttural pouch empyema. Aspergillus nidulans can be present in cases of guttural pouch mycosis. Salmonella should not be present in the guttural pouch.**
Treatment for Chlamydophila psittaci
Doxycycline
High ringbone (Equine)
osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint
What test is needed to diagnose Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
Measuring serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) concentration
Keep or cull cows with Mycoplasma bovis mastitis?
CULL
Ancylostoma caninum (hookworms) cause what in people?
Cutaneous migrans
Enzyme most liver specific in cow, sheep, goat, and horses:
Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).
AST can be found in muscle, liver and red blood cells. LDH is found in many places such as muscle, heart and liver. ALP is found in liver, intestine, kidney and bone.
Best prognosis for recovery in chickens?
Infectious coryza (bacteria, tx with abx)
Equine Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) ( Cushing’s disease)
Signalment: > 15yrs old ponies and Morgan horses CS: Hirsutism + classic cushing signs Dx: ACTH (mult. seasons), TRH, HHDST Tx: Pergolide
Ddx for otitis externa
Foreign body
Hypothyroidism
Atopy
Describe high ring bone in a stupid horse
OA of the proximal interphalangeal (pastern) oint
Normal inhabitant in the guttural pouch of a healthy horse
Strep. equi ssp. zooepidecmicus
Pacheco’s disease (Herpes virus)
Ruffled plumage
Necrotic foci in the liver and kidneys
Splenomegaly
Cowdry type- ! intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver and renal parenchyma
Anaplasmosis
A rickettsial organism that is transmitted by ticks. Infected calves have a low mortality rate, but adult cattle have a 20-50% mortality rate with this disease
Tx: Oxytetracycline
Guillian-Barre syndrome is associated with which agent?
Camplyobacter jejuni
Lidocaine Toxicity CS
Early CS: Seizures and tremors
Later CS: Cardiovascular and respiratory depression
Treat or cull cows with Strep ag or coliform mastitis?
Treat with frequent milking, anti-inflammatories, and abx
Neospora CS
Abortion – 3-8 mo gestation and typically results in an autolyzed fetus.
No retained fetal membranes or metritis
Causative agent of Blue tongue
Reovirus
3 causes for infectious footrot of sheep and goats
- Wet conditions
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Dichelobater nodosus (produces proteases that cause horny wall separation)
Which breed of dog is most predisposed to development of histiocytic neoplasia?
Bernese Mountain Dogs
Terbutaline is given to cats with asthma for which reason?
it is a beta 2 adrenergic agonist which causes bronchodilation and mild effects on the heart
E.Coli 3 lesions in broilers
- Pibrinous pericarditis
- Perihepatitis
- Airsacculitis
Isotonic crystalloid shock dose in cats
40-60 ml/kg
Compounds that effectively bind to activated charcoal
Theobromine
Nicotine
Brodifacoum
Causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Right atrial hemangiosarcoma
CARDIAC TAMPONADE –> excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium resulting in an increased intrapericardial pressure impairing diastolic filling of the heart
MC isolated organism isolated in pituitary abscesses of ruminants
Arcanobacterium pyogenes aka Actinomyces pyogenes
Avipoxvirus
Scabbing skin lesions or diptheric lesions in the respiratory tract
Which two conditions may be diagnosed by finding a ping on the left side of the cow using simultaneous auscultation and percussion?
Ruminal tympany and left displaced abomasum .
Gas in the spiral colon, cecum, and torsion of the abomasum are diagnosed by a ping on the right side
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
Tissue mineralization: acts by becoming converted to calcitriol and increases calcium and phosphorus levels leading to mineralization of organs, esp. kidneys
Mast cell tumors in horse: benign or malignant?
Benign.
Excision= curative
Round cell tumors
There are 5 round cell tumors and most but not all come from blood cells. They are lymphoma, mast cell tumors, plasma cell tumors, histiocytic tumors, and transmissible venereal tumors. Remember, these are also sometimes also referred to as sarcomas (i.e. lymphosarcoma or histiocytic sarcoma). Cytologically, they appear usually as large populations of cells that are not in defined clusters. The cells have a round shape, often with unique identifiable features such as the purple granules in mast cell tumors.
Zinc toxicity
Hemolysis and Heinz body anemia
Aortic stenosis
Signalment: Boxer
CS: Syncope ad exercise intolerance. Auscultation reveals a 4/6 left systolic murmur heard best at the base of the heart.
Dx:
- Rads (mildly enlarged left ventricle and left atrium, and segmental enlargement of the ascending aorta.)
- ECG (Left ventricular hypertrophy, stenosis of the aortic outflow tract, and post-stenotic dilatation of the aorta)
Osselets (equine)
Inflammation of the periosteum on the dorsal distal epiphyseal surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone and fetlock joint
Mast cell tumors cause what?
GI ulceration
Tx: H1/2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors
Causative agent of Vesicular stomatitis
Rhabdovirus
Smishmortion of a cow between 5-8mo of gestation
PGF2-alpha and dexamethasone. This is because at this point (5 to 8 months), both the CL and the fetus are involved in maintaining the pregnancy.
Tx for insulinoma in a ferret?
- Prednisone
- Diazoxide
Diet: high protein and low carbs
Uroabdomen electrolyte abnormalities
HYPOnatremia
HYPOchloremia
HYPERphosphatemia
Describe osselets in a stupid horse
Inflammation of the periosteum on the dorsal distal epiphyseal surface of the dorsal distal epiphyseal surface of the third metacarpal bone and fetlock joint
Causative agent of Foot and Mouth Disease
Picornavirus
Glaucoma
Buphthalmic and painful. Corneal edema ( blue haze over the cornea)
Inspect eye for aqueous flare and measure pressures
Myxomatous degeneration
Signalment: Older animals
Murmur: best heard at the left apex
would NOT cause dilation of the ascending aorta
MC Equine Urolith
Calcium carbonate.
Ponderosa Pine CS
Abortion– LAST TRIMESTER and characterized by hemorrhagic condition of the placenta and fetus
“Powder loss” and an irregular beak in a cockatoo
Psittacine beak and feather virus
Splints/Metacarpal exostosis (Equine)
Periostitis and new bone formation along the second metacarpal bone
Tx: rest and NSAIDs +/- sx if bony exostoses impinge on the suspensory ligament
Describe splints (metacarpal exostosis) in a stupid horse
Involves periostitis of the interosseous ligament between the third and second metacarpal (or metatarsal) bone. Treatment usually involves rest and anti-inflammatory medications, although if the bony exostoses impinge on the suspensory ligament, surgical removal of the proliferative tissue may be indicated.
Synthetic colloids dose in dogs
10-20ml/kg
Tx for tapeworms
Praziquantel
Psittacine beak and feather disease
Causative agent: Circovirus
Signalment: <3yrs old
CS: Feather less, abnormal pin and mature feathers, lack of powder down and various beak abnormalities.
Dx: Based on appearance of birds and by blood tests using a viral DNA probe.
Causative agent of BVD
Flavivirus
5 type of Round Cell Tumors
Pneumonic: Please Help Me Learn This
Plasma cell tumors Histiocytic tumors Mast cell tumors Lymphoma Transmissible venereal tumors
Tyzzer’s Disease
Caused by Clostridium piliformis-> causes acute necrotizing hepatitis
Signalment: 1-6 wk old foals
CS: ACUTE fever, icterus, and diarrhea
Yo dawg, can you use Chloramphenical in food animal?
HELLLL NAHHHH. This drug is not labeled for use in food animals and is prohibited for food animals in the USA, with the possibility penalty of losing one’s license.
Sidebone (equine)
Ossification of the alar cartilage of the coffin bone
Cats with taurine deficiency develop what kind of heart issue?
Dilated cardiomyopathy. Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats because they cannot synthesize it. Taurine deficiency causes dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Since DCM is relatively uncommon otherwise in cats, taurine deficiency should be suspected in any cat with DCM.
**They also develop feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD) because the photoreceptors contain large amounts of taurine and cants cannot synthesize it. Classic lesion= elliptical area of tapetal hyperreflectivity starting in the area centralis dorsolateral to the optic disk that progresses to a horizontal band and eventually can involve the entire fundus
Causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
Only type of mange to infect camels
Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli.
MC in the winter when camels huddlge together for warmth. .
Typically starts around the head and neck and then spreads to the res of the body
Mast Cell Tumors
GI ulcers, perioperative hypotension and coagulation
3 known potential inciting causes/predisopsing factors for immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA)
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Sulfonamide exposure
- Mammary adenocarcinoma
MC urolith in ferrets
Struvite
Where’s trypsin produced in the body?
Pancreas
Respiratory infections that can cause head shaking, sneezing, and rhinitis in birds Ddx:
Mycoplasma infection
Chlamydiosis
Bordetella infection
Boxer cardiomyopathy (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
Electrical disease causing frequent VPCs to occur.
Dx: 24hr cardiac Holter monitor
Sarcoma
These tumors come from mesenchymal cells and are named by the specific cell type such as fibroblasts (fibrosarcoma) and osteoblasts (osteosarcoma). Cytologically, they tend to appear as isolated spindle-shaped cells with elongated cytoplasm and often oval nuclei.
Average lifespan of a rat
2.5 years
Tx for Strongylus vulgaris (equine)
Ivermectin
Brucellosis CS
Abortion– LAST HALF OF THE PREGNANCY
Retained placenta
Metritis
Lack of signs in younger animals
Gangrenous mastitis is caused by which two organisms?
Mannheimia spp. and Staphylococcus aureus.
Occurs sporadically during the first 3 months of lactation. It is generally associated with poor milk supply related to ewe undernutrition and over vigorous suckling by the lambs.
Despite antibiotic and supportive therapy, the prognosis is grave, and gangrenous udder tissue eventually sloughs leaving a large granulating surface with superficial bacterial infection. The granulation tissue continues to proliferate over the coming months. These ewes are unsuitable for breeding stock. The infected granulation tissue and resultant drainage lymph node enlargement would result in carcass condemnation (and raise genuine welfare concerns). The fleece is very poor because growth has occurred during this period of illness. The ewe should be euthanized for welfare reasons at first presentation.
Control measures include ensuring ewes are well fed. Concentrates should be supplied to ewes and lambs when pasture is poor. No ewe should be expected to rear triplets. Teat lesions should be identified and treated with topical antibiotics.
Best radiographic view to dx/RO gastric dilatation and volvulus
Right lateral
Abomasal torsion in cows
Hypochloremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
IV saline with 20 meq/L
What tick is associated with tick paralysis in the US?
Dermacentor
Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia
Canine Thrombopathia
Autosomal recessive trait of Basset hounds
Platelets fail to aggregate and secrete their granules in response to normal stimuli.
Mycoplasma infection in cattle herd CS
KCS Otitis media Mastitis Infectious arthritis Repro and joint disease
What anesthetic agents don’t cause spleen enlargement?
Xylazine Diazepam Ketamine Propofol Opioids (Morphine)
What do cats require in their diet?
Arachidonic acid
Liver specific enzymes in equine
GGT : Increase= biliary epithelial cells and liver-specific
SDH: Increase= hepatocellular injury
Elbow dysplasia
- Ununited anconeal process
- Elbow incongruency
- Fragmented medial coronoid process
- Osteochondrosis of the humeral condyle
Pulmonic Stenosis
D/t changes in the right heart and pulmonary outflow tract
Hansen’s Type 1 Disc Disease
Chondrodystrophic dogs
Acute
Painful
Emergency
MST for osteosarcoma:
cat: 12 mo or more
k9: 3-4 mo
Isotonic crystalloid shock dose for K9
90ml/kg
Thoroughpin (equine)
Effusion of the tarsal shealth (shealth of the deep digital flexor)
Haemoproteus
Diagnosis of Haemoproteus infection is made by microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. Haemoproteus gametocytes partially encircle the nucleus of erythrocytes forming a “halter-shaped” appearance. Haemoproteus gametocytes often occupy over one-half of the erythrocyte cytoplasm with little displacement of the host cell nucleus as seen here.
The haemoproteus life cycle involves a blood sucking insect for transmission (mosquitos, lice, and culicoides). The infection often does not cause clinical signs but may cause an enlarged gizzard, spleen, liver, or kidney. Treatment of choice is the antimalarial drug, chloroquine.
MC dermatophyte associated with ringworm in cattle
Trichophyton verrucosum
Veratrum californicum CS
Cyclops condition in sheep
Hepatic Lipidosis Chem panal
NORMAL GGT
- mod. elevated ALP
- mod. elevated bilirubin
Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) in turtles is caused by what pathogen?
Citrobacter freundii
Describe sidebones in a stupid horse
Ossification of the alar cartilage of the coffin bone
Infectious coryza
Nasal discharge and facial swelling
Describe Thoroughpin in a stupid horse
Effusion of the tarsal sheeth (sheath of the deep digital flexor)
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) aka Maedi-Visna
Caustaive agent: Retrovirus (closely related to Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus of goats)
Signalment: Sheep 2-4 yrs of age
CS: Progresses slowly with increasing wasting and respiratory distress. Secondary bacterial infections can occur, leading to coughing, bronchial exudate, depression, and fever.
Dx: Agar gel immunodiffusion or ELISA testing. PCR (+/- due to expense)
Control: Serologic testing and removal of + animals.
No vax or treatment
End-point of warfarin therapy in animal with pulonary thromboemolism
A PT time of 1.5-2X normal
2 conditions diagnosed by finding a ping on the LEFT side of the cow
Ruminal tympany and left displaced abomasum
2 diseases that cause hydrocephalus in calvs
Akabane virus
Bovine viral diarrhea
Bluetonge
Top Ddx for vague asymmetri/multifocal neurologic CS with focal muscle atrophy in equine?
Equine protozoal myloencephalitis
Synthetic colloid dose in cats
5-10 ml/kg
How often should a ferret be vaccinated for rabies?
At 3 mo and then annually
