Veterinary Pharmacology Part 1 Flashcards
Acetylcholine
Cholinergic agonist
N = M
Cholinergic effects
Carbachol
Cholinergic agonist
N = M
Cholinergic effects
Used for miosis
Nicotine
Cholinergic agonist
N > M
No clinical uses
Muscarine
Cholinergic agonist
M»_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Bethanechol
Cholinergic agonist
M»_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Stimulate urination and gut motility
Pilocarpine
Cholinergic agonist
M»_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Used for miosis
Organophosphates/carbamate insecticides
Cholinomimetics
N = M
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Cholinergic effects
Edrophonium
Cholinomimetic
N = M
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Enhance motor function
Neostigmine
Cholinomimetic
N = M
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Reversal for paralysis caused by NMB drugs
Atropine
Anticholinergic
M»_space; N
Used to treat bradycardia, organophosphate toxicity, cause mydriasis, and for RAO in horses
Ipratropium
Cholinergic antagonist
M»_space; N
Hexamethonium
Cholinergic antagonist
NN»_space; NM»_space; M
Ganglionic blocker
Trimethaphan
Cholinergic antagonist
NN > NM »_space; M
Ganglionic blocker
Tubocurarine
Cholinergic antagonist
NM > NN»_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis
Pancuronium
Cholinergic antagonist
NM > NN»_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis
Succinyl choline
Cholinergic agonist –> antagonist
NM > NN»_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis
Black widow spider venom
Cholinomimetic
Increases synaptic release of Ach
Causes muscle rigidity
Botulinum toxin
Cholinolytic
Inhibits synaptic release of Ach
Causes flaccid paralysis
Epinephrine
Adrenergic agonist a1 = a2; B1 = B2 Positive chronotropic effect Decreased diastolic BP Bronchodilation Emergency cardiac support and treatment for anaphylaxis
Norepinephrine
Adrenergic agonist a1 = a2; B1 > B2 Reflexive bradycardia Increased BP Cardiac and hemodynamic support
Isoproterenol
Adrenergic agonist B1 = B2 > a Decreased diastolic BP Bronchodilation Emergency cardiac support
Dopamine
Adrenergic agonist
D1 > B1 = B2 > a
Vasodilation
Prevent renal ischemia during shock
Dobutamine
Adrenergic agonist B1 > B2 > a Increased heart rate Positive inotrope Cardiac support Treat hypotension Acute treatment of severe heart failure
Phenylephrine
Adrenergic agonist
a1 > a2»_space; B
Increased BP
Treat hypotension
Terbutaline
Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1»_space; a
Bronchodilation
Longer-lasting than isoproterenol
Clenbuterol
Adrenergic agonist B2 > B1 >> a Bronchodilation Treat asthma/RAO in horses Prevent early labor Banned in food animals Increases skeletal muscle blood flow and lipolysis May be used as a non-steroidal anabolic drug
Salbutamol/albuterol
Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1»_space; a
Bronchodilation
Treat asthma and acute bronchoconstriction
Salmeterol
Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1»_space; a
Bronchodilation
Not used in veterinary medicine
Mirabegron
Adrenergic agonist
B3 > B1»_space; B2»_space; a
May cause lipolysis
Not used in veterinary medicine
Prazosin
Adrenergic antagonist a1 >>>> a2 Arteriolar vasodilation Reduced afterload Antihypertensive Treat heart failure
Phenoxybenzamine
Adrenergic antagonist
a1 > a2
Vasodilation
Antihypertensive
Phentolamine
Adrenergic antagonist
a1 = a2, B1 = B2
Vasodilation
Antihypertensive
Labetalol, carvedilol
Adrenergic antagonist
B1 = B2 >= a1 > a2
Vasodilation
Treat heart failure
Metoprolol, acebutalol, atenolol
Adrenergic antagonist / Class II anti-arrhythmics B1 >>>> B2 Decrease pulse pressure / BP Prevent renin release Decrease heart rate and improve CO Antihypertensive Treat supraventricular tachycardia Treat heart failure
Propanolol, timolol
B1 = B2
Decrease heart rate
Treat heart failure
Amphetamine
Sympathomimetic
Increased synaptic release of NE/dopa/serotonin
Cocaine
Sympathomimetic
Decreased synaptic reuptake of NE
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Sympathomimetic
Decreased metabolism of NE
Increased BP
Antihypotensives
Digoxin
Inhibits Na/K ATPase on cardiac cells and secondarily increases intracellular Ca via Na/Ca exchanger
Positive inotrope
Negative chronotrope and dromotrope
Treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation
Pimobendan
Phsophodiesterase inhibitor (PDE3 and PDE5)
Positive inotrope
Vasodilator
Treat heart failure
Enalapril
Benazapril
Imidipril
ACE inhibitors
Reduce antiotensin II and reduces aldosterone release
Arteriolar vasodilation
Treat heart failure
Valsartan
Telmisartan
AT1 receptor antagonists
Inhibits angiotensin 2 action and reduces aldosterone release
Vasodilation
Treat heart failure
Nitroglycerin, nitroprusside
Exogenous sources of NO
Vasodilation (reduce preload)
Treat heart failure
Hydralazine
Decrease vascular smooth muscle calcium
Artiolar and venous dilation (reduce preload and afterload)
Treat heart failure
Sildenafil
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE5)
Vasodilation in lung
Increase penile circulation
Possible treatment for heart failure
Quinidine, lidocaine, procainamide
Class 1 antiarrhythmics Na channel inhibitors Prolong QRS Negative chronotropes Reduce myocyte excitability Treat ventricular arrhythmias (tachycardias) and some supreventricular arrhythmias
Amiodarone, bretylium, sotalol
Class III antiarrhythmics K channel inhibitors Prolong depolarization phase Negative chronotrope Treat refractory ventricular tachycardias
Verapamil
Diltiazem
Class IV antiarrhythmics Ca channel inhibitors Slow spontaneous depolarization of pacemakers Treat supraventricular tachycardia Treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Furosemide
Loop diuretic Inhibits Na/K/Cl symporter in ascending LOH May lead to hypokalemia Acute relief of edema Adjunct treatment heart failure
Hydrochlorthiazide
Thiazide diuretic
Inhibits Na/Cl symporter in early distal tubule
Not as common in veterinary medicine
May treat heart failure if caught early
Spironolactone
K-sparing diuretic Aldosterone antagonist May lead to hyperkalemia Treat heart failure where elevated aldosterone is a problem Combat hypokalemia
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic
Emergency treatment of increased intracranial pressure
Prednisolone sodium succinate
Fast-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Fast-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate
Fast-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs
Prednisolone acetate
Slow-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs
Methylprednisolone acetate
Slow-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Isoflupredone acetate
Slow-acting steroid
May cause hyperkalemia (mineralocorticoid effect0
Fluticasone
Inhalant steroid
Decrease severity of inflammatory airway disease signs
Decrease airway response to allergens
Prevent airway wall remodelling
Pyrilamine
1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Prevents mast cell degranulation Treatment of allergies
Diphenhydramine
1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Prevents mast cell degranulation Treatment of allergies
Dimenhydrinate
1st generation antihistamine Antagonist atH1 receptors Variable sedation or excitement Prevents mast cell degranulation Treatment of allergies
Chlorpheniramine
1st generation antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Sedation Antidepressant properties Used in human cold medications
Trimeprazine
1st generation antihistamine
Antagonist at H1 receptors
Variable sedation or excitement
Skin allergies (+ prednisone = Vanectyl-P)
Clemastine, hydroxyzine, cetirazine
1st generation antihistamines
Antagonists at H1 receptors
Not used in veterinary medicine
Loratadine, cetirazine
2nd generation antihistamines
Antagonists at H1 receptors
Non-drowsy
Not used in veterinary medicine
Desloratidine, levocetirazine
3rd generation antihistamines
Antagonists at H1 receptors
Non-drowsy
Not used in veterinary medicine
Cyproheptatidine
Antihistamine Antagonist at H1 receptors Antagonist at serotonin (5HT) receptors Treat photic head shaking in horses Appetite stimulant in cats (not great) Also not great for treatment of feline airway inflammation
Cremolyn sodium
Antihistamine
Mast-cell stabilizing agent
No longer used
Theophylline
Methylxanthine (similar to caffeine and theobromine)
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor in blood vessels
Bronchodilation (not a great choice)
Tachycardia
Diuresis (ADH inhibition)
CNS stimulation
Zafirlukast, montelukast
Leukotriene receptor antagonist Decrease severity of airway inflammatory symptoms Decrease airway response to allergens Prevent airway wall remodelling Not effective in veterinary species
