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Second Year Veterinary Medicine > Veterinary Pharmacology Part 1 > Flashcards

Veterinary Pharmacology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic agonist
N = M
Cholinergic effects

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2
Q

Carbachol

A

Cholinergic agonist
N = M
Cholinergic effects
Used for miosis

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3
Q

Nicotine

A

Cholinergic agonist
N > M
No clinical uses

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4
Q

Muscarine

A

Cholinergic agonist
M&raquo_space; N
Cholinergic effects

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5
Q

Bethanechol

A

Cholinergic agonist
M&raquo_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Stimulate urination and gut motility

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6
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Cholinergic agonist
M&raquo_space; N
Cholinergic effects
Used for miosis

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7
Q

Organophosphates/carbamate insecticides

A

Cholinomimetics
N = M
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Cholinergic effects

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8
Q

Edrophonium

A

Cholinomimetic
N = M
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Enhance motor function

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9
Q

Neostigmine

A

Cholinomimetic
N = M
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Reversal for paralysis caused by NMB drugs

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10
Q

Atropine

A

Anticholinergic
M&raquo_space; N
Used to treat bradycardia, organophosphate toxicity, cause mydriasis, and for RAO in horses

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11
Q

Ipratropium

A

Cholinergic antagonist

M&raquo_space; N

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12
Q

Hexamethonium

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NN&raquo_space; NM&raquo_space; M
Ganglionic blocker

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13
Q

Trimethaphan

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NN > NM &raquo_space; M
Ganglionic blocker

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14
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NM > NN&raquo_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis

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15
Q

Pancuronium

A

Cholinergic antagonist
NM > NN&raquo_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis

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16
Q

Succinyl choline

A

Cholinergic agonist –> antagonist
NM > NN&raquo_space; M
Neuromuscular blocker
Used to induce muscle paralysis

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17
Q

Black widow spider venom

A

Cholinomimetic
Increases synaptic release of Ach
Causes muscle rigidity

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18
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cholinolytic
Inhibits synaptic release of Ach
Causes flaccid paralysis

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19
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Adrenergic agonist
a1 = a2; B1 = B2
Positive chronotropic effect
Decreased diastolic BP
Bronchodilation
Emergency cardiac support and treatment for anaphylaxis
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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A 
Adrenergic agonist
a1 = a2; B1 > B2
Reflexive bradycardia
Increased BP
Cardiac and hemodynamic support
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21
Q

Isoproterenol

A 
Adrenergic agonist
B1 = B2 > a
Decreased diastolic BP
Bronchodilation
Emergency cardiac support
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22
Q

Dopamine

A

Adrenergic agonist
D1 > B1 = B2 > a
Vasodilation
Prevent renal ischemia during shock

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23
Q

Dobutamine

A 
Adrenergic agonist
B1 > B2 > a
Increased heart rate
Positive inotrope
Cardiac support
Treat hypotension
Acute treatment of severe heart failure
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24
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Adrenergic agonist
a1 > a2&raquo_space; B
Increased BP
Treat hypotension

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25
Q

Terbutaline

A

Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1&raquo_space; a
Bronchodilation
Longer-lasting than isoproterenol

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26
Q

Clenbuterol

A 
Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1 >> a
Bronchodilation
Treat asthma/RAO in horses
Prevent early labor
Banned in food animals
Increases skeletal muscle blood flow and lipolysis
May be used as a non-steroidal anabolic drug
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27
Q

Salbutamol/albuterol

A

Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1&raquo_space; a
Bronchodilation
Treat asthma and acute bronchoconstriction

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28
Q

Salmeterol

A

Adrenergic agonist
B2 > B1&raquo_space; a
Bronchodilation
Not used in veterinary medicine

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29
Q

Mirabegron

A

Adrenergic agonist
B3 > B1&raquo_space; B2&raquo_space; a
May cause lipolysis
Not used in veterinary medicine

30
Q

Prazosin

A 
Adrenergic antagonist
a1 >>>> a2
Arteriolar vasodilation
Reduced afterload
Antihypertensive
Treat heart failure
31
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Adrenergic antagonist
a1 > a2
Vasodilation
Antihypertensive

32
Q

Phentolamine

A

Adrenergic antagonist
a1 = a2, B1 = B2
Vasodilation
Antihypertensive

33
Q

Labetalol, carvedilol

A

Adrenergic antagonist
B1 = B2 >= a1 > a2
Vasodilation
Treat heart failure

34
Q

Metoprolol, acebutalol, atenolol

A 
Adrenergic antagonist / Class II anti-arrhythmics
B1 >>>> B2
Decrease pulse pressure / BP
Prevent renin release
Decrease heart rate and improve CO
Antihypertensive
Treat supraventricular tachycardia
Treat heart failure
35
Q

Propanolol, timolol

A

B1 = B2
Decrease heart rate
Treat heart failure

36
Q

Amphetamine

A

Sympathomimetic

Increased synaptic release of NE/dopa/serotonin

37
Q

Cocaine

A

Sympathomimetic

Decreased synaptic reuptake of NE

38
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A

Sympathomimetic
Decreased metabolism of NE
Increased BP
Antihypotensives

39
Q

Digoxin

A

Inhibits Na/K ATPase on cardiac cells and secondarily increases intracellular Ca via Na/Ca exchanger
Positive inotrope
Negative chronotrope and dromotrope
Treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation

40
Q

Pimobendan

A

Phsophodiesterase inhibitor (PDE3 and PDE5)
Positive inotrope
Vasodilator
Treat heart failure

41
Q

Enalapril
Benazapril
Imidipril

A

ACE inhibitors
Reduce antiotensin II and reduces aldosterone release
Arteriolar vasodilation
Treat heart failure

42
Q

Valsartan

Telmisartan

A

AT1 receptor antagonists
Inhibits angiotensin 2 action and reduces aldosterone release
Vasodilation
Treat heart failure

43
Q

Nitroglycerin, nitroprusside

A

Exogenous sources of NO
Vasodilation (reduce preload)
Treat heart failure

44
Q

Hydralazine

A

Decrease vascular smooth muscle calcium
Artiolar and venous dilation (reduce preload and afterload)
Treat heart failure

45
Q

Sildenafil

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE5)
Vasodilation in lung
Increase penile circulation
Possible treatment for heart failure

46
Q

Quinidine, lidocaine, procainamide

A 
Class 1 antiarrhythmics
Na channel inhibitors
Prolong QRS
Negative chronotropes
Reduce myocyte excitability
Treat ventricular arrhythmias (tachycardias) and some supreventricular arrhythmias
47
Q

Amiodarone, bretylium, sotalol

A 
Class III antiarrhythmics
K channel inhibitors
Prolong depolarization phase
Negative chronotrope
Treat refractory ventricular tachycardias
48
Q

Verapamil

Diltiazem

A 
Class IV antiarrhythmics
Ca channel inhibitors
Slow spontaneous depolarization of pacemakers
Treat supraventricular tachycardia
Treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
49
Q

Furosemide

A 
Loop diuretic
Inhibits Na/K/Cl symporter in ascending LOH
May lead to hypokalemia
Acute relief of edema
Adjunct treatment heart failure
50
Q

Hydrochlorthiazide

A

Thiazide diuretic
Inhibits Na/Cl symporter in early distal tubule
Not as common in veterinary medicine
May treat heart failure if caught early

51
Q

Spironolactone

A 
K-sparing diuretic
Aldosterone antagonist
May lead to hyperkalemia
Treat heart failure where elevated aldosterone is a problem
Combat hypokalemia
52
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic

Emergency treatment of increased intracranial pressure

53
Q

Prednisolone sodium succinate

A

Fast-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs

54
Q

Methylprednisolone sodium succinate

A

Fast-acting steroid

Decrease inflammation

55
Q

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate

A

Fast-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs

56
Q

Prednisolone acetate

A

Slow-acting steroid
Decrease inflammation
Prevent inflammatory airway disease signs

57
Q

Methylprednisolone acetate

A

Slow-acting steroid

Decrease inflammation

58
Q

Isoflupredone acetate

A

Slow-acting steroid

May cause hyperkalemia (mineralocorticoid effect0

59
Q

Fluticasone

A

Inhalant steroid
Decrease severity of inflammatory airway disease signs
Decrease airway response to allergens
Prevent airway wall remodelling

60
Q

Pyrilamine

A 
1st generation antihistamine
Antagonist at H1 receptors
Variable sedation or excitement
Prevents mast cell degranulation
Treatment of allergies
61
Q

Diphenhydramine

A 
1st generation antihistamine
Antagonist at H1 receptors
Variable sedation or excitement
Prevents mast cell degranulation
Treatment of allergies
62
Q

Dimenhydrinate

A 
1st generation antihistamine
Antagonist atH1 receptors
Variable sedation or excitement
Prevents mast cell degranulation
Treatment of allergies
63
Q

Chlorpheniramine

A 
1st generation antihistamine
Antagonist at H1 receptors
Sedation
Antidepressant properties
Used in human cold medications
64
Q

Trimeprazine

A

1st generation antihistamine
Antagonist at H1 receptors
Variable sedation or excitement
Skin allergies (+ prednisone = Vanectyl-P)

65
Q

Clemastine, hydroxyzine, cetirazine

A

1st generation antihistamines
Antagonists at H1 receptors
Not used in veterinary medicine

66
Q

Loratadine, cetirazine

A

2nd generation antihistamines
Antagonists at H1 receptors
Non-drowsy
Not used in veterinary medicine

67
Q

Desloratidine, levocetirazine

A

3rd generation antihistamines
Antagonists at H1 receptors
Non-drowsy
Not used in veterinary medicine

68
Q

Cyproheptatidine

A 
Antihistamine
Antagonist at H1 receptors
Antagonist at serotonin (5HT) receptors
Treat photic head shaking in horses
Appetite stimulant in cats (not great)
Also not great for treatment of feline airway inflammation
69
Q

Cremolyn sodium

A

Antihistamine
Mast-cell stabilizing agent
No longer used

70
Q

Theophylline

A

Methylxanthine (similar to caffeine and theobromine)
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor in blood vessels
Bronchodilation (not a great choice)
Tachycardia
Diuresis (ADH inhibition)
CNS stimulation

71
Q

Zafirlukast, montelukast

A 
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Decrease severity of airway inflammatory symptoms
Decrease airway response to allergens
Prevent airway wall remodelling
Not effective in veterinary species

Second Year Veterinary Medicine (2 decks)

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