VET TECH PT 1 Flashcards
It evaluates disease in
animals using laboratory data collected
during analysis of blood, urine, body
fluids, and tissue aspirates
Clinical pathology
an important tool for analysis
of blood smears, fecal samples, and urine
sediment samples.
Microscope
What is the most commonly used
microscope in a veterinary clinic?
Upright Binocular light microscope
are designed to spin a rotor, which holds the
samples, at a specific set speed measured in revolutions per minute (rpm)
Centrifuge
T or F: The length of the rotor arm varies in different
centrifuges.
True
T or F: s. The length of the rotor arm and speed of the
spin determine the gravitation force that a sample is subjected to
True
When should you examine centrifuge rotors?
Yearly
What are the 2 common type of rotors?
- Fixed
- Swinging bucket
It is a specialized chamber with a small precise grid used to perform manual cell counts when cells are suspended in a
liquid medium
Hemocytometer
Add _____ of well-mixed sample fluid onto each side of the hemocytometer
10 μL or 0.01 ml
Allow the cells to settle by incubating the hemocytometer for __ minutes in a petri dish containing a wet piece of absorbent
paper
10 minutes
In using the microscope with the condenser lowered, determine the average number of cells present in ____ grid section on
the hemocytometer
1-mm
It is an analytical method that correlates the
degree of light refraction (refractive index) in a liquid with the amount of solids in the liquid
Refractometry
The first step in using this is lift the clear lid and fill it with liquid.
Refractometer
allows user to keep track of the cell types observed and the total number of cells examined on a sample slide.
differential cell counter
The counters of diff cell counter are set to indicate when __ cells are tallied.
100
For blood smears and cytology samples, ______ stains are used most commonly.
Romanowski-type
The most common stains used in veterinary practices are
- Romanowski-type
- New methylene blue (NMB)
What is the staining procedure for Diff-Quik?
● Repeatedly dip a dried in and out of the first staining solution 10–12 times.
● Repeatedly dip the sample in and out
of the second staining solution 10
times.
● Repeatedly dip the sample in and out
of the third staining solution 8-10 times.
● Rinse the slide in deionized water to
remove excess stain.
● Allow the slide to air dry and then
examine the sample microscopically
What is the staining procedure for NMB?
● Mix equal amounts of NMB and
blood (or other fluid sample) together in a test tube
● Incubate for 5–10 minutes.
● Prepare a smear of the NMB/sample mixture and allow it to air dry.
● Examine the smear microscopically.
Need to be precleaned before packaging to avoid glass shards and greasy substances that accumulate on the slide during the manufacturing process
Glass slides
needed for wet-mount preparations of fluid samples
Cover slips
collect serum; also known as serum separator tubes
Striped-red
Gray-topped
collect serum; does not contain anticoagulant
Red-topped
collect whole blood; contains ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA);
Purple-topped
collect plasma; contains lithium heparin
Green-topped
contain 3.2% sodium citrate; dilutes the blood sample by 10%
Blue-topped
a diagnostic test panel that provides clinicians with a large amount of information about a patient’s peripheral blood parameters.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Plasma comprises approximately __% of the totaal blood volume
55%
What are plasma’s 3 components?
91.5% water
7% proteins
1.5% other molecules
for transportation of cells and nutrients
throughout the body, excretion of by-products and waste, maintenance of homeostasis via stabilization of pH and body temperature.
Plasma
- What isthe color of Plasma from cats and dogs?
- from horses?
- from cattles?
- clear/colorless
- clear/light yellow
- clear/pale yellow
Cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
platelets) comprise approximately __% of total blood volume
45%
Blood cells have a limited life span and are
continually being produced by a process
called?
hematopoiesis
it measure the electrical impedance
that occurs when cells pass through detection electrodes
Impedance counters
it direct cells through the PATH of a laser
beam. They detect the amount of light absorbed by the cell and the amount of light scatter that the cell creates as it passes through.
Flow cytometers
they are the predominant cell type in the
peripheral blood and originate in the bone marrow
RBC
process of erythrocyte maturation is called ____, while another type of this process requires production of erythropoietiin called _____?
- Erythropoiesis
- Adequate erythropoiesis
first identifiable immature form of an RBC
Rubriblast
cytoplasm is slightly less
basophilic than a rubriblast;
round nucleus but lack a
nucleolus
rubricytes
also called as nucleated red
blood cells (nRBCs)
Metarubricytes
combination of blue and red
staining in these cells, they
commonly are called
polychromatophils
Reticulocytes
small, biconcave, eosinophilic cells that LACK a nucleus. They contain a large amount of hemoglobin (Hb) that contributes to the red coloration of RBCs.
Mature RBC
The diameter of a mature canine RBC is approximately _____, which is large enough to appreciate central pallor in canine RBCs
7.0 mm
measured after centrifugation of whole blood and indicates the percentage of the blood volume composed of cells
PCV - Packed Cell Volume
percentage of the blood volume that is composed of erythrocytes
Hematocrit
measured by colorimetric techniques or by determining the optical density of oxyhemoglobin in the sample
Hemoglobin
- Is measured directly by automated cell counters
- A measurement of RBC hemoglobin content that corrects for RBC volume
- The average amount of Hb in RBCs.
- It indicates the degree of anisocytosis (size difference) in RBCs.
- Mean corpuscular/cell volume (MCV)
- Mean corpuscular/cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
- Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
- Denatured and precipitated Hb that are caused by oxidative damage to the RBC
- The most common type of poikilocyte in a peripheral blood smear
- RBCs with irregular spicules
- Howell–Jolly bodies
- Heinz bodies
- Echinocytes
- Acanthocytes
- RBC fragments that indicate the RBCs have been sheared by intravascular fibrin or turbulent blood flow
- rounded RBCs with a normal
MCV but a smaller appearance on a blood smear - RBCs with Hb condensed to
one side of the cell - Contain a torn vesicle to one
side of the RBC
- Schistocytes
- Spherocytes
- Eccentrocytes
- Keratocytes
- Pale remnants of RBCs that are lysed within blood vessels during intravascular hemolysis
- Thin RBCs with an increased area of central pallor
- Leptocytes that look like a target with Hb around the cell edges and at the center of the cell
- Have a thick ring of Hb around the edges of the RBC and an oval area of central pallor
- Ghost cells
- Leptocytes
- Target cells
- Stomatocytes
- the term for differences in cell size
- Is the term for cells that stain with both basophilic and
eosinophilic dyes - Dense aggregates of residual RNA remain in immature RBCs
- RBCs that contain basophilic inclusions consistent with iron
- Anisocytosis
- Polychromasia
- Basophilic stippling
- Siderocytes
