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Year 2 BRS Neuro > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the vestibular organ

name important structures [5]

A 
semicircular canals 
utricle 
saccule 
endlymphatic duct
cochlea
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2
Q

inputs of vestibular system?

A

Visual , proprioreceptive and vestibular information

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3
Q

Outputs of vestibular system

A

mainly reflexes : Stable posture and stable gaze

CNS integrates this and generates responses and controls feelings of nausea, vertigo

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4
Q

Where is vestibular organ found?

A

Posterior area of inner area

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5
Q

What is the function of hair cells in the inner ear?

A

The inner ear contains hair cells for hearing and balance

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6
Q

Vestibular hair cells
type
arrangement

A

Kinocillium - 1 relatively long hair
Stereocilia - 50 shorter ones (stereocilia)

The kinocilium is inserted eccentrically on top of the sense cell; the stereocilia are arranged in parallel rows

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7
Q

Where are stereocilia located?

otolith organs?
semicircular canals?

A

In macula of otolith organs

in ampulla of semicircular canals

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8
Q

where are the otolith organs located?

what are the otolith organs?

A 
vestibule 
utricule and saccule 
joined by a conduit [endolymphatic duct]
Utricle is superior and is connected to the semicircular canals 
saccule connects to cochlea
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9
Q

Movement of endolymph causes what?

A

Cilia allows the cells to depolarise the cell with movement of the endolymph generated by head movem

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10
Q

How are the hair cells arranged in the utricle?

A

horizontally

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11
Q

How are the hair cells arranged in the saccule?

A

vertically

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12
Q

what is the makeup of the semicircular canals?

A

Hair cells in ampulla - crista , cells surrounded by cupula which helps with hair cell movement

rest of canal is liquid high in K+ - ENDOLYMPH

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13
Q

Where do vestibular nuclei have projections to?

4

A

Spinal cord
Nuclei of the extraocular muscles
Cerebellum
Centres for cardiovascular + respiratory control

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14
Q

where do vestibular afferent information go to?

A

4 nuclei
medulla
pons

‘Inferior, medial, lateral (Deiter’s) and superior vestibular nuclei. All four nuclei are found beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle in the medulla and pons, lateral to the sulcus limitans’

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15
Q

Vestibular pathways

Inferior nuclei

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex
oculomotor
vestibulocerebellar reflexes : balance, vestibular reflexes, and eye movements

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16
Q

Vestibular pathways

what are the lateral , medial, inferior nuclei involved in ?

A

Vestibulospinal reflex

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17
Q

Which vestibular pathway ?

- spatial orientation and self-motion perception

A

Information sent to superior vestibular nuclei
> Ventroposterior nucleus
> vestibular cortex

18
Q

Functions of

Vestibular system

A

To detect and inform about head movements

To keep images fixed in the retina during head movements

Postural control

19
Q

What causes depolarization in vestibular systems?

A

Stereocilia moving towards Kinocilium
depolarization
increase in nerve firing

20
Q

Stereocilia moving away from kinocilium

what occurs next?

A

Inhibition
Hyperpolarization
= reduction in nerve discharge

21
Q

What is involved in angular acceleration?

A

Semicircular canals

22
Q

Linear acceleration and tilt

which vestibular organs involved?

A

Otolith
Utricle : horizontal
Saccule : vertical

23
Q

VOR

A

keeps images fixed
vestibular nuclei and oculomotor nuclei

Eye movement in opposite direction to head movement
but same velocity and amplitude

24
Q

VSR

Lateral tract?

A

motor neurons to limb muscles

25
Q

In VSR

neck and back muscles communications happen via which tract

A

medial tract

26
Q

Postural control, avoidance of falls and compensatory body movement according to the head position.

A

via vestibular nucleus

27
Q

Assessment of Vestibular System

A 
\++++ history
Posture & Gait 
Cerebellar function 
Eye Movements 
Imaging : CT , MRI 
Vestibular tests
28
Q

Caloric test

A

responsiveness
symmetric : of response L/R ear
lateral semicircular canals alone – it does not assess vertical canal function or otolithic function

29
Q

Video head impulse test

A

Detects vestibular neuritis
Detects disorders of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and identifies which ear is affected in cases of peripheral vestibular loss

30
Q

Vestibular evoked myogenic potential

A

Repetitive sound stimulus to one ear and then averaging the reaction of the muscle activity in response to each sound click or pulse

certain vestibular organs and associated nerves are intact and functioning normally. Responses in this test are measured from different muscles in the neck and around the eyes

31
Q

Rotational test

A

Disorder of inner ear or brain?

Bilateral or unilateral?

32
Q

Central vestibular disorder causes?

A

Stroke
MS
Tumour

33
Q

Peirpheral vestibular disorders

A

Vestibular neuritis
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
Meniere’s disease
Unilateral and Bilateral vestibular hypofunction

34
Q

Which P. Vestibular Disorder doesn’t affect hearing?

A

BPPV

35
Q

What condition involves the endolymph?

A

Meuniere

  • comes in crisis
  • Liquid breaks down membrane
  • Membrane repairs but problem continue
36
Q

Doctor I’m Dizzy

important to consider

A

Not necesarilly vestibular

Consider heart disorders , hypotension , anaemia . hypoglycaemia , gait disorders etc

37
Q

Recurrent balance disorders?

A

Menieres

Migraine

38
Q

Progressive balance disorders?

A 
Schwannoma vestibular (VIIIth nerve)
Degenerative conditions (MS)
39
Q

Intermittent balance disorders?

A

BPPV

40
Q

Acute balance disorders?

A 
Vestibular Neuritis (‘labyrinthitis’)
Stroke
41
Q

how do the otolith organ sense ‘where is my head’

A

have otoconia at top - this is heavier than endolymph and responds to gravity

help with deflection of sterocilia towards kinocilium

potassium influx > Ca2+ influx = glutamate release

42
Q

why does it make sense that endolymph is high in ___

A

potassium

endolymph is the fluid in the membranous labyrinth. High in potassium as you need potassium influx for depolarization

Year 2 BRS Neuro (8 decks)

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