Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Vessels > Vessels UWorld 2 > Flashcards

Vessels UWorld 2 Flashcards

0
Q

ApoA-1

A

LCAT acivation, cholesterol esterification

Chylomicrons and HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Defect in ApoE3 and ApoE4

A

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. Liver cannot remove chylomicrons and VLDL remnants from cirulation –> serum cholesterol and triglyceride elevation. Xanthomas and premature heart and vessel disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ApoB-48

A

Chylomicron assembly and secretion by intestine

Chylomicron and remnants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ApoB-100

A

Binds LDL receptor, LDL uptake by extrahepatic cells

VLDL, IDL, LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ApoC-II

A

Lipoprotein lipase activation

Chylomicron, HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ApoE

A

VLDL, chylomicron uptake by liver

Chylomicron, remnant, VLDL, IDL, HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dilated tortuous veins: risk factors, complications

A

Varicose veins. Long periods of standing, age, obesity, multiple pregnancies, genetic defects.

Complications include painful thromboses, skin ulcerations, dermatitis, infection, poor wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Embryonic vein derivatives: vitelline, umbilical, cardinal

A

Vitelline –> portal
Umbilical degenerate
Cardial –> systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atherosclerosis begins with injury to which cell type?

A

Repetitive endothelial injury, leads to chronic inflammatory state in the intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What meds cause hyperkalemia

A

Things that interfere with aldosterone (ACE-I, ARBs, K-sparing diuretics, NSAIDs)

Cardiac glycosides

Non-selective beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

After endothelial injury, what causes intimal thickening?

A

Smooth muscle cells, collagen deposition. Intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis results.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Earliest lesion of atherosclerosis

A

Intimal fatty streaks of intimal lipid-filled foam cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up foam cells?

A

Macrophages and smooth muscle cells that have engulfed LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Equation for net filtration pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure gradient - oncotic pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Side effects of niacin (B3)

A

Exacerbates gout, acanthosis nigricans (hyperglycemia), red flushed face/vasodilation, hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What meds increase serum uric acid levels?

A

Niacin, hctz, cyclosporine, pyrazinamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most important risk factor for aortic dissection

A

hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do ACE inhibitors increase serum creatinine? What affect does this have in pts with renal artery stenosis?

A

Reduce ATII, causing decreased efferent arterial tone –> efferent dilation. Decreases glomerular pressure and renal perfusion. Pts with renal artery stenosis are dependent on efferent constriction to keep perfusion high, so this can cause renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Statins decrease cholesterol synthesis. What is the LDL receptor response?

A

Increased receptor density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is abnormal in varicose veins?

A

Incompetent venous valves –> venous hypertension, retrograde flow from deep to superficial veins in extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What tissue extracts the most oxygen from blood?

A

Heart. 75-80% at rest, up to 90% with exercise

21
Q

What 2 lipid lowering agents can cause gallstones?

A

Fibrates and bile acid resins

22
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

An offspring’s genes are expressed in a parent specific manner. Produced by methylation (epigenetics)

23
Q

Alpha 1 agonist: effects on heart

A

Directly increases contractility, but that is usually overridden by reflex decreases in rate, conduction, and contractility due to contraction of vascular smooth muscle

24
Cystic medial degeneration
Myxomatous changes in large arteries. Fragmentation of elastic tissue, separation of elastic and fibromuscular components of media by small spaces filled with extracellular matrix. Seen in Marfan syndrome
25
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis: describe it, and who does it happen to
Homogenous deposition of eosinophilic hyaline material in intima and media of small arteries/arterioles. Lumen is narrowed. Seen in non-malignant hypertension and diabetes
26
Compare and contrast giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis
Both have granulomatous inflammation of media GC affects branches of carotid artery, older patients. T affects arch of aorta and proximal great vessels
27
What vessels are spared in polyarteritis nodosa?
Pulmonary
28
Norepinephrine extravasation
NE leak causes a1 vasoconstriction which can lead to local necrosis. Presents as cold, hard, pale local tissue. Can be prevented with an alpha blocker, such as phentolamine (must be done within 12 hr)
29
Alpha blockers (2 non selective, 2 a1, 1 a2)
Nonselective: Phenoxyenzamine (irreversible), phentolamine (reversible) a1: Prazosin (other -zosins), tamsulosin a2: Mirtazapine
30
Buerger disease aka thromboangiitis obliterans
Seen in heavy smokers (tobacco hypersensitivity) with early onset Segmental thrombosing vasculitis, intermittent claudication. Found in medium vessels, seen often in calf, foot, hand. May extend into contiguous veins and nerves
31
Platelet involvement in atherscerosis
Endothelial dysfunction promotes platelet adhesion, aggregation, and release of GF and cytokines. PDGF is released by platelets as well as endothelial cells and macrophages. It promotes proliferation and migration of smooth muscles cells into intima. Platelets also secret TGF-b, which calls in smooth muscles cells and collagen production
32
Tx of anaphylactic shock
Epinephrine Stimulates a1 - counteracts vasodilation, increases BP B1 effects also raise BP and improve perfusion B2 - bronchdilation
33
ACE-I causes facial swelling and difficulty breathing. What happened?
Angioedema - swelling of tongue, lips, eyelids, laryngeal edema, difficulty breathing. Due to bradykinin accumulation. Rare.
34
What prevents cerebral hypoperfusion upon standing?
a1-vasoconstriction
35
Anti- glomerular basement membrane antibodes
Goodpasture's
36
Anti-neutrophil antibodies and URI
Wegener's granulomatosis with polyangiitis
37
Migratory thrombophlebitis
Trousseau's syndrome. Think visceral cancer! Hypercoaguability is a common paraneoplastic syndrome, especially in pancreas, colon, lung
38
Niacin effects on hypertension, diabetes
Potentiates anti-hypertensives via vasodilation | Increased insulin resistance and acanthsis nigricans
39
Effects of epinephrine
a1, b1, b2 agonist, a1 predominates at high dose ``` Raises HR (b1) Raises systolic BP (b1 and a1) Low dose decreases diastolic BP (b2) High dose increases diastolic BP (a1) ```
40
What receptors does phentolamine hit?
Non specific alpha blocker --> decrease in diastolic BP and reflex tachycardia
41
What receptors does phenylephrine hit?
Selective a1 agonist --> vasoconstrictor
42
What receptors does propanolol hit?
Nonselective beta blocker
43
What receptors does isoproterenol hit?
Non-selective beta agonist --> increases HR and contractility, vasodilation
44
What receptors does atropine hit?
Muscarinic antagonist. Increases HR by blocking vagal stimulation
45
Treatment of high LDL
Diet exercise, statin, ezetimibe
46
Tx of high triglycerides
Diet exercise, fibrate, niacin
47
Tx of low HDL
Diet/exercise, niacin
48
Timeline for strawberry heangioma
Present at birth, initially grow with child, and fade after a few years. Most are gone by age 7
49
Dipyridamole, cilostazol: mechanism, use, toxicity
Inhibit phosphodiesterase, which leads to increased cAMP and decreased aggregation. Cilostazol is also a direct vasodilator. Can be used for intermittent claudication, peripheral artery disease, prevention of stroke, angina prophylaxis. Toxicity includes nausea, headache, flushing, hypotension, abdominal pain
50
Ticlopidine, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor
ADP receptor inhibitors, prevent GP2b3a from binding fibrinogen Used for acute coronary syndrome, coronary stenting. Ticlopidine causes neutropenia. Can cause TTP/HUS
51
Nitroprusside altered mental status, lactic acidosis
Cyanide toxicity. Treat with sodium thiosulfate. Sulfur helps the liver metabolize and detox cyanide to thiocyanate

Vessels (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions