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ZM1: Vertebrate Evolution > Vertebrates > Flashcards

Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Evidence for reconstructing vertebrate history (3)

A
  • comparative anatomy
  • development of extant taxa
  • geologic context
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2
Q

Archaeopteryx lithographica

A

Late Jurassic, Germany

Shows soft tissue preservation of flight feathers

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3
Q

Acanthostega gunnari

A

Late devonian, Greenland

Series of traits that show early evolution of the ear complex, and transitions from aquatic to terrestrial environments

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4
Q

Index fossils

A

Forms of life that existed during limited geologic times and are used as guides to the age of the rocks they’re in

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5
Q

Fossil types (2)

A

Body- preserved remains, particles in sedimentary rock

Trace- evidence of of past behaviour, structures in sedimentary rocks

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6
Q

Taxon-based measures (4)

A

Taxon presence
Relative abundancescale
Genetic diversity
Millennium- scale baselines

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7
Q

Taxon free measures (8)

A 
Biomass
Diversity
Trophic structure
Ecological network
Functional traits 
Gene flow
Assessing species invasions
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8
Q

Adaptive radiation & how (4)

A

Rapid diversification usually in response to some form of change

  • geographic colonisation
  • new resources
  • key innovations
  • major extinctions
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9
Q

Taphonomy

A

Study of processes controlling preserv

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10
Q

Taphonomic bias

A

Some organisms or environments have a

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11
Q

Preservation potential

A

Relative likelihood that an organism will be preserved in the fo

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12
Q

Primary processes that contribute to how a fossil is found

A

Necrolysis

Biostr

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13
Q

Biostratinomy

A

Post decay transport and burial p

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14
Q

Bioturbation

A

Mixing up of skeleton eg t

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15
Q

Biological necrolytic and biostatinimic destructive agents

A

Predation/scavenging

Scattering

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16
Q

Biocenosis

A

Life assemblages

Reflects natural community (single event)

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17
Q

Thanatocenosis

A

Death assemblage
Derived from transport and winnowing processes
Generally incomplete representation of faunas/floras
Time averaged- over representation of high durability and high abundance

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18
Q

Lagerstätte

A

‘Storage place’ - environments of exceptional preservation

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19
Q

Konzentrat- Lagerstätten

A

Disarticulated accumulations, ‘bone beds’

Most common for marine invertebrates

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20
Q

Konservat-Lagerstätten

A

Articulated remains, often includes soft tissue preservation

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21
Q

Factors affecting biostratinomy

A 
Depositional environment
Body size (how far it can travel)
Hydrodynamic qualities (flow in air and water)
22
Q

Biogenic minerals

A

Formed by metabolic processes eg. Hydroxyapatite

Dissolve in water when buried

23
Q

Disgenesis

A

Physical and/or chemical alteration after burial (temp < 250°C)
Compositional types: permineralization, replacement-exchange, recrystallization

24
Q

Permineralization (diagenesis)

A

Filling of open spaces with sedimentary minerals

Formation of sedimentary SiO2

25
Q

Replacement-exchange (diagenesis)

A

Biogenic minerals replaced with sedimentary minerals

26
Q

Recrystallization (diagenesis)

A

Formation of minerals from precursors of see chemical formula
Typically calcium carbonate eg. Aragonite to calcite

27
Q

Autochthonous assemblage

A

Assemblages with little or no transport or winnowing

Actively inhabited depositional environment

28
Q

Allochthonous assemblage

A

Assemblages transported to depositional environment from separate environment of habitation

29
Q

Phylogeny

A

Pattern of evolutionary relationships

30
Q

Taxonomy

A

Naming system based on common ancestry, derived from phylogenetics, describes evolutionary relationships

31
Q

Biological species concept

A

Population of at least potentially interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other such groups, and are able to produce fit offspring

32
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Individuals United by common morphology that is distinct from other such groups and is presumed to correspond to a biological species.

33
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Primitive or basal character

34
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

Shared primitive or unspecialized character

35
Q

Apomorphy

A

Derived or specialised character

36
Q

Autoapomorphy

A

Derived character or an evolutionary novelty found in only one taxon

37
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived character between taxa. Is a potential homology
Only informative character for inferring phylogenetics relationships

38
Q

Homology

A

Any character in different or

39
Q

Homoplasy

A

Convergent evolution

Acquisition of shared characters from different origins

40
Q

Advantages of morphological characters

A

Primary data for majority of life
Provides historical information
Provides direct info about adaptation and development

41
Q

Disadvantages of morphological characters

A

Phenotypic data approximated genetic evolution to an unknown degree
‘Character’ delineation is subjective- are characters real?
Weight of individual characters, likelihood of transformations unknown

42
Q

Advantages of molecular data

A

Direct data of genetic evolution
Character delineation is more objective (still have to align sequences)
Likelihood of character transformations (transversions vs transitions) statistically predictable

43
Q

Disadvantages of molecular data

A

Data absent for 99.9% of known life
Relationship to external environment unknown, adaptation not understood
Homoplasy in base pairs increases with divergence times and rates. Genes have deep time limits

44
Q

Phylogenetic methods

A

Parsinomy (cladistics)
Maximum Likelihood
Bayesian Inference

45
Q

Monophyly

A

Lineage of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

46
Q

Paraphyly

A

Lineage that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

47
Q

Clade

A

defined by their most inclusive taxonomic composition
Diagnosed using derived characters (apomorphies) used to support topology at a node and diagnose the clade named at that node

48
Q

Node-based clade

A

Subtending taxa, their common ancestor and all its descendants

49
Q

Stem-based clade

A

All taxa more closely related to a defined taxon

50
Q

Apomorphy-based clade

A

Clade named based on 1st occurrence of a particular morphology

ZM1: Vertebrate Evolution (3 decks)

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