Vertebrates

Question 1

dorsal vs. ventral

anterior vs. posterior

Answer 1

Question 2

foramen magnum (frog)

Answer 2

Question 3

skull, urostyle, vertebrae (frog)

Answer 3

Question 4

sternum

Answer 4

Question 5

Pectoral girdle and forelimbs (clavicle, coracoid, humerus, radio-ulna, scapula, suprascapula)

Pelvid girdle and hindlimbs (femur, ilium, ischium, pubis, tibio-fibula)

Answer 5

Question 6

homologous bony structures shared by humans, frogs, and birds

Answer 6

humerus, ulna, radius (radio-ulna in frogs), carpals

Question 7

fused bones in frogs

Answer 7

radio-ulna and tibio-fibula

Question 8

carina

Answer 8

sharp keel of the sternum in birds

Question 9

wishbone

Answer 9

fused clavicles in birds (also called the furcula)

Question 10

frog taxonomy

Answer 10

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Amphibia

Question 11

rat taxonomy

Answer 11

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia

Question 12

External differences between frogs and rats

Answer 12

Rats: tail, hair, ears

Frogs: no tail, no hair, no ears

Question 13

Compare/contrast teeth and tongue of rat and frog

Answer 13

frog - maxillary teeth, tongue attaches in front

rat - incisor teeth, tongue attaches in back

Question 14

cloaca

Answer 14

The cloaca lies beneath the pubic bone and is a general receptacle for the intestine, the reproductive system, and the urinary system. It opens to the outside by way of the anus.

Question 15

Internal Anatomy of the frog:

esophagus

gall bladder

heart (atria and ventricles)

instestine (small and large)

kidney

liver

lung

Answer 15

Question 16

Frog internal anatomy 2:

pancreas

spleen

stomach

Answer 16

Question 17

rat internal anatomy:

diaphragm

esophagus

heart

intestines

kidney

liver

lung

pancreas

spleen

stomach

Answer 17

Question 18

female rat reproductive anatomy:

ovary

oviduct

uterus

Answer 18

Question 19

Male rat anatomy:

penis

testis

Answer 19

Question 20

Frog anatomy/reproduction considerations

Answer 20

Male frogs do not have a penis and female frogs do not have uterus because reproduction occurs outside the body.

The female releases eggs from her ovaries, the male sprays the eggs with his sperm from on her back as they are released, fertilizing them

Question 21

physiologic manifestations that enable jumping/flying

Answer 21

suprascapula and scapula provide sites of attachment for shoulder muscles (birds only scapula); birds require the increased surface area for muscle attachment to be able to fly (or jump for frogs)