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Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Key features of all Chordates

A

-deuterostomes
-endoskeleton
-pharyngeal slits, but lost in echinoderms
-dorsal hollow nerve cord **
-notochord**
-muscular post-anal tail

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2
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Structure:
-gill slits (openings)
-gill arches (made of cartilage or bone)
-gill filaments

Function:
-filter feeding
-respiration in vertebrates (O2 and CO2 can be exchanged across a gill)

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3
Q

Key characteristics of Vertebrates

A

-axial skeleton (cranium, vertebral column, and ribs)
-appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)
-closed circulatory system
-organs in a coelom
-kidney (filter blood to form urine, uses a countercurrent system)

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4
Q

Gill filaments

A

Structure:
-thin, high surface area
-vascularized (has blood vessels)
-countercurrent flow creating gas exchange

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5
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

-blood flows in opposite direction of water or air
-partial pressure gradient is maintained (gas in a high concentrated area will move into a low concentrated area)
-achieves maximum exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)

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6
Q

2 chambered heart

A

-arteries->capillaries->veins
-strong muscular pump
-ventrally located
-atrium + ventricle
-oneway circuit of blood flow
-one-way valves (prevents backflow)
-reduced pressure (slower to move blood around)

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7
Q

Agnathastomata

A

Jawless “fish”
Hagfish:
-don’t regulate osmotic concentration
-knot tying to rip food off prey
-mucous production
Lamprey:
-oral disk with rasping teeth like structures
-very distinct larval form (ammocoete)
-many are parasitic on fishes

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8
Q

Jaws

A

-evolved from anterior gill arches
-teeth evolved from scales in mouth
-improved ability to feed and diversify

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9
Q

Gnathostomata

A

-Jaw
-paired fins (pectoral and pelvic) enabled more active swimming, steering, stabilizing, lifting

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10
Q

Chondrichthyes (Cartilage fish)

A

-sharks, skates, rays
-mostly marine
-jawed
-paired fins
-5-7 gill slit pairs
-scales
-no swim bladder
-predators, scavengers, filter feeders

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11
Q

Osteichthyes (bony fish)

A

-jaws
-opercula
-paired fins
-scales
-swim bladder

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12
Q

Swim bladder

A
  • a flotation device
    -enable neutral buoyancy
    -gas regulated by swallowing or burping air, or by glad in bladder
    -evolved into tetrapod lungs
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13
Q

Advantage of being on land

A

-droughts (low dissolved O2)
-increased competition in water
-new food resources on land
-no predators on land at the time
-air has a higher concentration of O2
-gases diffuse faster in air than water

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14
Q

disadvantages of being on land

A

-availability of water/moisture is low
-instability of temperature
-UV radiation
-air is less dense than water (need for stronger skeletal support, requires more energy to move around)

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15
Q

Solution to density problem of air

A

-stronger limbs
-vertebrae column
-ribs

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16
Q

Solution to increased energy needed to more

A

3+ chambered heart:
-more efficient circulatory system
-double circuit of blood flow
-blood in under higher pressure

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17
Q

Amphibian circulatory system

A

-3 chambered heart
-oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is mixed in the heart, decreasing the amount of oxygen going to the organs

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18
Q

Negative pressure breathing

A

In humans: The diaphragm causes a change in volume of thoracic cavity, thus the pressure is changed. When the diaphragm expands the cavity, volume increases and pressure decreases, thus oxygen in high pressured air will rush into the low pressured cavity. The opposite happens when breathing out.

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19
Q

Positive pressure breathing

A

In Amphibians, inhalation is a two-stroke process:
1. air is drawn into nostrils while mouth and glottis are closed
2. Nostrils close, glottis opens, and air is forced into lungs

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20
Q

Key feature of Amphibians

A

Two life stages:
-Larvae (gills, 2 chambered heart, herbivores, undergo metamorphosis)
-adult (lungs, 3-chambered heart, carnivorous)

21
Q

3 types of Amphibians

A
  1. frogs and toads (loud courtship calls)
  2. salamanders (some have internal fertilization, some never leave water, some newts can breathe thru skin)
  3. caecilians (lost appendages, internal fertilization, babies eat the skin of their mother)
22
Q

Parental investment strategies

A

-produce billions of offspring, provide no care, hope some survive (most amphibians)
-produce few offspring, care for them until maturity (few amphibians)

23
Q

Reptiles

A

-more efficient heart than amphibians (partially divided ventricle or 4 chambered with shunt)
-breathe thru lungs only
-must conserve water (skin is waterproof by B-“Keratin”, produce a special nitrogenous waste, uric acid)
-reproduce and develop on land
-internal fertilization
-amniotic egg

24
Q

Amniotic egg

A

-egg is surrounded by extra-embryonic membranes
-external shell is leathery or brittle (CaCO3), permeable to gases (O2 and CO2), impermeable to water
-non-toxic nitrogenous waste is required (uric acid)

25
3 types of nitrogenous waste
-ammonia (very toxic, needs to be diluted and disposed of quickly) (ray-finned fish, aquatic inverts. and larval amphibians) -urea (medium toxicity, less water needed for disposal) (cartilage fish, most adult amphibians, mammals) -uric acid (non-toxic, little water needed for disposal) (insects, reptiles, birds)
26
Non-avian reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles)
-mostly terrestrial, eggs need to be laid on land -carnivores, herbivores, omnivores -dry skin, scales, first amniotes -in lizards (squamates), loss of limbs happened many times
27
Birds
-amniotes -endothermic -4 chambered heart (separate pulmonary and systemic circuits) -unidirectional flow of air thru lungs, anterior and posterior air sacs -2 cycles for any breath, more efficient than humans -feathers -most fly -diverse beaks
28
Thermoregulation
Body temperature control. Mechanisms to maintain body temp: -behavioral (orientation relative to heat source, moving locations) -physiological (too hot=increase blood flow to periphery, too cold-decrease blood flow to periphery) -physical (insulation, surface area-volume, color)
29
Endotherms vs ectotherms
Endotherms: -generate their own internal heat through metabolic processes -as it gets warmer, metabolic rate will go up to get rid of excess heat Ectotherms: -absorb external heat -as it gets warmer, metabolic rate goes up
30
Homeotherm vs heterotherm
Homeotherm: -maintain a relatively constant temperature Heterotherm: -body temperature is variable, fluctuates
31
Evolution of flight
-flight has evolved 4 times (insects, dinosaurs, birds, bats) -convergent evolution (similarities due to common environment)
32
Adaptation for flight
-hollow bones -sternum enlarged and kneeled (increased surface area for attachment of large flight muscles) -feathers (originally for insulation)
33
Feathers
Function: Insulation, flight, sensory structures, lining nests -made of B-"keratin", derived from scales -scaled skin on legs (from reptiles)
34
Mammals
-endothermic -4 chambered heart -advanced CNS -internal fertilization -heterodonty 3 unique features: 1. hair (insulation, camouflage, sensory, defense) 2. sweat glands 3. mammary glands (milk production)
35
Skull Morphology
A way to identify the amniotes based on holes in the skull. 1. Anapsid (turtles) 2. Synapsid (mammals) 3. Euryapsids (extinct marine reptiles) 4. Diapsids (dinosaur and birds)
36
Mammal evolution
-middle ear bones evolved from the jaw which in turn evolved from gill arches in fish -significantly larger brain for its size -didn't radiate earth till after dinosaurs -mammals went back to the sea, multiple separate origins of extant marine mammals
37
Heterodonty
Different teeth specialized for different tasks. Specialization in teeth among species reflects varied diet
38
3 mammal groups
1. Prototherians (monotremes) - egg laying, shelled egg incubation until hatching 2. Marsupials - pouched, early birth, fetus completes development in pouch 3. Eutherians - placental, embryo retained in female reproductive tract, embryo nourished by mother via placenta
39
Placenta
-organ formed by the embryo and mother after implantation -from extraembryonic membranes and uterus lining of mother -site of gas, nutrients, and waste exchange -produces hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy -substances pass by diffusion from mother to embryo (O2 andCO2)
40
Primates
-arboreal ancestor -grasping limbs with opposable thumbs -forward-facing eyes, depth perception -large cerebrum -highly social
41
2 major groups of primates
1. Prosimians 2. Anthropoids
42
Prosimians
-mostly arboreal + nocturnal -lemurs in Madagascar -endangered/extinct
43
Anthropoids: Old vs New world
-prehensile tail (tail used to grasp or hold objects) (not in old world but in most new world monkeys) -new world monkeys tend to have flat noses and be arboreal
44
Anthropoids: Gibbons, Orangutangs, and African Apes
-lack tails -mostly arboreal
45
Anthropoids: Australopithecus
-brain 35% size of humans -evidence that bipedalism evolved before brain fully evolved
46
Anthropoids: Early homo
Homo habilis: first tool use, shorter jaw, bigger brain Homo erectus: first to leave Africa, first fire use, as large as modern humans, smaller brain, thick skull
47
Anthropoids: Recent homo
Homo neanderthalensis: coexisted w/ homo sapiens, disappeared possibly due to extermination by homo sapiens, short and stalky, powerful build, brains larger than homo sapiens Homo sapiens: spread out of africa, around eurasia and the rest of the world, larger brains than before,more complex social life
48
Mammalian nervous system
1. Central nervous system: dorsal hollow tube of nerve tissue, brain, spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system: system of lateral nerves, cranial nerves from brain, spinal nerves from spinal cord
49
Limbic system
-amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens -responsible for basic physiological drives (hunger, thirst, emotions, long-term memory) -pleasure and pian located here

BIOL111 (3 decks)

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