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Life on Earth 2 > Vertebrate Diversity > Flashcards

Vertebrate Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What same ancestor do the phyla Chordata and Echinodermata share?

A

Deuterostome

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2
Q

What are the three major Tunicate groups?

A

Sea squirts
Thaliaceans
Larvaceans

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3
Q

How many species of known Tunicates are there?

A

2,800 species

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4
Q

How do sea squirts catch prey?

A

The pharynx is enlarged into a basket which enables it to filter its prey.

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5
Q

How do larvacean’s catch prey?

A

They build large delicate mucus nets that can snare organic particles.

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6
Q

When would a larvacean exit it’s mucus net and what would happen to the old mucus ‘house’?

A

Once it became too clogged with excess debris. The ‘house’ would float to the bottom of the see and can be of important nutritional value for deep sea life.

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7
Q

What vertebrates are Thaliaceans?

A

Salps and pyrosomes

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8
Q

How do Thaliaceans live?

A

They live singly or in chain like colonies.

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9
Q

Where would you find Thaliaceans?

A

In tropical and subtropical oceans down to 1,500m.

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10
Q

How do Lancelets respire?

A

They have no respiratory system so use cutaneous gas exchange.

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11
Q

What are Lanceletes gill slits used for?

A

Gill slits are used for feeding as this where the prey is filtered through the pharyngeal basket.

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12
Q

Give an example of a Lancelet.

A

Branchiostoma sp.

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13
Q

How many pairs of ductless gonads do B. lanceolatum have?

A

26

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14
Q

How do B. lanceolatum reproduce?

A

The gonads rupture to release gametes into the body cavity and then into open water. This is called external fertilization.

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15
Q

What are the key characteristics of vertebrates?

A

The notochord is replaced by a jointed, dorsal vertebral column.
Anterior skull enclosing large brain.
Rigid internal skeleton.
Internal organs suspended in a coelom.
Well developed circulatory system, driven by contractions of a ventral heart.

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16
Q

Give examples of jawless fish.

A

Hagfish and Lamprey

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17
Q

Describe hagfish and lampreys.

A

Cylindrical eel like bodies with no paired fins.

18
Q

What are the differences between hagfish and lampreys?

A

Circulatory system
Hagfish: Weak with three accessory hearts.
Lamprey: Single, large heart.

Skull
Hagfish: Partial cranium
Lamprey: Complete skull

Vertebrae
Hagfish: Not fully separated and jointed
Lamprey: Fully separated and jointed.

Development
Hagfish: Direct (no larval stage)
Lamprey: Filter-feeding larvae and metamorphosis.

Feeding
Hagfish: Predominantly detrivores or predators.
Lamprey: Adults parasitic or don’t feed.

Vision
Hagfish: Eyes degenerate - rely on olfacation via tentacles.
Lamprey: Eyes well formed.

Habitat
Hagfish: Marine, benthic.
Lamprey: Marine, freshwater or Anadromous.

19
Q

Describe the evolution of the jaw in fish.

A

Originally skeletal rods to support gills. Some rods then modified into a primitive jaw. Additional rods then supported a stronger jaw and teeth.

20
Q

What species are classed under Chondrichthyes?

A

Jawed fish with cartilaginous skeletons.

21
Q

What has evolved in Chondrichthyes?

A

Paired fins have evolved.

22
Q

What is the role of pectoral and pelvic fins?

A

To stabalize the fish’s position in the water.

23
Q

Describe how sharks move.

A

Sharks move side to side via undulations of body and caudal fin.

24
Q

What is the difference between lobe / ray finned fishes and hagfishes / lampreys / cartilaginous fishes?

A

The flexible cartilage is replaced by calcified rigid bone in lobe / ray finned fishes.

25
Q

What class do the majority of extant bony fish species belong to?

A

Actinopterygii

26
Q

What has evolved with ray-finned fish?

A

Evolution of swim bladders which allow for depth control.

27
Q

How many known species of ray-finned fish are there?

A

32,000

28
Q

What complicated behaviours are seen in ray-finned fish?

A

Maintain schools, build nests, court mates and care for young.

29
Q

What species are classed as lobe-finned fish?

A

Coelacanths and lungfish.

30
Q

What are the features of lobe-finned fish?

A

Muscular paired fleshy fins, teeth coated with enamel and lungfish have lung like structures instead of swim bladders which allow air breathing.

31
Q

What is the early evolutionary split between tetrapods?

A

Amphibians and Amniotes

32
Q

Where to modern amphibians live and why?

A

Moist environments due to permeable skin rapidly losing water.

33
Q

How many know amphibian species are there and how many groups are they divided into?

A

7000 species divided into three main groups.

34
Q

What are the three main amphibian groups?

A

Frogs and toads; newts and salamanders; caecilians.

35
Q

Where do Amniotes live and why?

A

Dry environments due to the development of the amnion.

36
Q

What is an amnion?

A

A membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo.

37
Q

Why can an amniote embryo attain a relatively advanced state before hatching?

A

Because the amniote egg is relatively impermeable to water and stores yolk.

38
Q

What would be seen in the amniotic egg of a reptile?

A 
Amnion
Embryo
Leathery shell
Chorion
Allantois Yolk sac
39
Q

In mammals what has the articular and quadrate found in reptiles skulls evolved into?

A

Articular is the malleus and the quadrate is the incus which are found in the ears of mammals.

40
Q

What are the key features of reptiles?

A

Covered in scales which makes cutaneous gas exchange impossible.
Breath via lungs.
Lay eggs.
Ectothermic (except leatherback sea turtles)

41
Q

What are the key features of avians?

A

Feathers.
Pneumatic bones.
Endothermic.
Specialised sternum for wing muscles.

Life on Earth 2 (9 decks)

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