Vertebrata

Question 1

Notocord

Answer 1

semi flexible rod running along the length of the animal

Question 2

myomeres

Answer 2

v-shaped muscle blocks

Question 3

Chordates

Answer 3

Craniates, Myxini, Conodont,Lampreys, “Ostracoderms”, “Placoderms”,chondrichthye, osteichthyes,

Question 4

Vertebrates

Answer 4

sequentially arranged cartilaginous endoskeletal elements flanking the spinal cord.
Extrinsic eye muscles, two semicircular canals

Question 5

Vertebrates 2

Answer 5

Earliest vertebrates lacked mineralized tissue
Cartilaginous skeleton
-Bone contains hydroxyapatite
-Conodonts earliest bones

Question 6

Early Vertebrates

Answer 6

Earliest bone appears in latest cambrian

First bone is external

Question 7

Why bone?

Answer 7

right attachment surface for muscles

source of metabolic minerals

Question 8

Ostracoderms

Answer 8

• Paraphyletic group of jawless fish
• Bony armor
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• extinct at the end of the devonian

Question 9

Osteostracans

Answer 9

• Ossified braincase

- Paired pectoral fins

Question 10

Gnathostomata

Answer 10

Possess jaws (first appeared in Silurian)
Paired pelvic thins
-Jaw evolved from gill supports in ancestral forms

Question 11

Placoderms

Answer 11

Silurian-Devonian

• Heavily armored jawed fishes
• Paraphyletic
• Dominant in devonian

Question 12

Chondrichhyes

Answer 12

Silurian to recent
Sharks, rays
Cartilaginous skeleton

Question 13

Osteichthyes

Answer 13

Actinopterygians: Ray finned
-articulate with rows of basal and radial elements
Sarcopterygians: Lobe-finned fishes
-attaches to body by single bone

Question 14

Tiktaalik

Answer 14

Late devonian origin of tetrapods

forelimbs had movable joints

Question 15

Acanthostega

Answer 15

one of the earliest tetrapods

Question 16

Temnospondyl

Answer 16

earliest amphibians originated

Question 17

Amniotes

Answer 17

egg contains specialized membranes allowing for gas exchange and wast containment outside of water

Question 18

Amniote Skulls

Answer 18

Anapsid: no opening behind the eye
Synapsid: 1 opens
Diapsid: 2 openings

Question 19

Pelycosaurs

Answer 19

early paraphyletic group of synapsids

Question 20

Therapsids

Answer 20

foot becomes symmetrical
trunk vertebrate become differentiated
secondary palate (internal opening of nostrils)
Fur comes about

Question 21

Mammals

Answer 21

-Characteristics that don’t fossilize
-warm-blooded, covered w/ fur, sweat glands, mammary glands, parental care of young
Fossilize: specialized teeth, jaw composed of a single bone

Question 22

Mammilian Jaw Evolution

Answer 22

• Bones previously part of jaw and jow joint become incus, malleus, and tympanic bone
• Middle ear bones initially develop as part of your jaw

Question 23

Reptilia

Answer 23

-Includes anapsid and diapsid

Question 24

Diapsids 2 major groups

Answer 24

• Lepidosauria: lizards, snakes, tuataras, etc
  
  • sprawling posture
• Archosauria- crocs, dinos/birds
  
  • addisional skull openings
  • upright

Question 25

Archosauria

Answer 25

• Dominant terrestrial in Mesozoi

- 2 lineages: 1) Crocs 2) Birds

Question 26

Pterosaurs

Answer 26

• Triassic
• first verts with powered flight
• wing support by elongate 4th digit

Question 27

Dino Hips (2 groups)

Answer 27

Saurischian: pubis projects forward
Ornithischian: Pubis projects backward