Vertebral Column and Back Flashcards
Functions of vertebral column
posture, support head (C1 and C2), protect spinal cord, trunk movement
trends of movement of vertebral column
greater A/P and M/L flexion/extension in cervical and lumbar regions
less movement in thoracic (due to ribs)
more rotation in thoracic region
primary and secondary curvatures
1 - thoracic and sacral
2 - cervical (baby holding up head) and lumbar (baby walking)
kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, osteoporosis
kyphosis = exaggerated thoracic curve (lead to osteoporosis) lordosis = exaggerated lumbar curve (pregnancy) scoliosis = bend of the column
cauda equina
where spinal cord ends at L1, and filum terminale
cervical vertebrae
transverse foramen (vertebral artery exits)
C1 vertebrae
no body, articular facet articulates with skull
C2 vertebrae
bifid spinous process
thoracic vertebrae
articular facets and facets on transverse processes to articulate with ribs
lumbar vertebrae
big and blocky - large spinous process
spina bifida
fialure of arch and centrum to synostose
joints of vertebral column
2 synovial joints (zygapophyses) 1 symphysis (vertebral body and int. disc) atlanto occipital = "yes" F/E atlantoaxial - "no" rotation
components of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrosus
herniated disc
protrusion of NP through anulus fibrosus (L5/S1 due to angle - posterior thigh and leg pain)
anterior longitudinal ligament
hyperextension limit
posterior longitudinal ligament
hyperflexion limit
alar ligament
prevents excess rotation
extrinsic muscles insert/move _____ and are innervated by ____. intrinsic muscles insert/move _____ and are innervated by ______.
upper limb, ventral rami
trunk/head, dorsal rami
superficial extrinsic muscles
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid
intermediate extrinsic muscles
serratus (ribs), splenius
deep extrinsic muscles
erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) and semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
