Vertebral Column Flashcards
Vertebral embryology develops in what layer
mesoderm
What guides the development of the vertebral column and the spinal cord?
the notochord
The notochord persistes as what structure?
nucleus pulposus
Condensation of the mesoderm around the notochord is called what?
somites
The vertebrea developes from from what structure?
sclerotomes
How many primary ossification centers does the vertebrea have?
3
What are the three primary ossification centers for the vertebrea?
centrum
right and left halves for the neural arch
How many secondary ossification centers does the vertebrea have?
5
muscle developes from what layer?
myotomes
What myotome do skeletal muscles develop from?
somatic
What myotome does smooth muscle develop from?
splanchnic
What myotome does extensor muscles develop from?
epimere
What myotome does flexor muscles develop from?
hypomere
Peripheral nerves and the dermis develope from what layer?
A. Sclerotome
B. Myotome
C. Dermatome
Dermatome
In the process of chondrification mesoderm is replaced with ________?
cartilage
In the process of ossification, cartilage is replaced with __________?
bone
What are the two types of ossification?
intramembranous and intracartilaginous
In a typical vertebra the superior articular process is always facing what direction?
backwards
In a typical vertebra the inferior articular process is always facing what direction?
forward
What is between the superior and the inferior articular process?
pars interarticularis
A cervical vertebra body is what shape? A. Rectangular B. Heart Shaped C. Kidney shaped D. Circular
A
What are the atypical cervical vertebra?
C1, C2, C7
what is the other name for the C2 vertebra besides the atlas?
epistropheus
What is unique about the C7 vertebra?
typically the vertebral prominance
The regional orientation of the superior articular facet of the cervical vertebra
BUM
The regional orientation of the superior articular facet of the Thoracic vertebra
BUL
The regional orientation of the superior articular facet of the lumbar vertebra
BM
what ligament extends from the sacrum to the occiput and prevents hyperextension?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What ligament extends from the sacrum to the basal part of the occiput and prevent hyperflexion?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Which ligament is thicker and stronger? A. ALL B. PLL C. Alar Ligament D. Cruciate Ligament
A.
The PLL entends fromm ______ to sacrum?
C2
The PLL ligament is continuous with _________
tectorial membrane
The supraspinous ligament becomes what ligament after C7?
nuchal ligament
The interspinous ligament prevents what action
posterior translation of the vertebra and limits flexion
What ligament extends between laminae of adjacent vertebral?
ligamentum flavum
***The alar ligament is also known as ________?
check ligament
*** What action does the alar ligament prevent?
excessive axial rotation
***Excessive rotation of the neck to the left will put pressure on what ligament?
right alar ligament
What ligament arises from the apex of the dens?
apical ligament
The apical ligament inserts into _________
anterior aspect of the foreman magnum
What two action does the apical ligament do?
limits flexion and extension of C2
What are the two parts of the cruciate ligament?
transverse and vertical part
The transverse portion of the cruciate ligament connects at two parts?
colliculus arlantis
What is the function of the cruciate ligament?
limits lateral translation
What cartilage is the intervertebral disc made of?
fibrocartilaginous
The outer part of the intervertebral disc is made of what type of collagen
Type I
The inner part of the intervertebral disc is made of what type of collagen?
Type II
The outer part of the intervertebral disc is known as _________
anulus fibrosus
the anulus fibrosis is made up of _______ concentric laminae
15-20
fibers of the anulus fibrosus are at what angle?
65 degrees
The inner aspect of the intervertebral disc is known as the ___________
nucleus pulposus
The nucleus pulposus contains ______________ which attach water
proteoglycans
Vertebral discs are thickest in what area of the spinal column?
Lumbar
Vertebral discs are the thinnest at what area of the spinal column
thoracic
What part of the anulus fibrosus is innervated?
the outer third
How does the intervertebral disc receive nourishment?
diffusion
How many intervertebral discs are there?
23
the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the superior aspect?
pedicle and th inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above
the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the anterior aspect?
posterolateral aspect of the adjacent vertebrae adn the intervening disc
the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the inferior aspect?
The superior vertebral notch and pedicle
the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the posterior aspect?
capsule and the zygapophyseal joint
What are two things that can narrow an intervertebral foreman?
osteophytes or prolapsed discs
inflammatory chemicals release internal disc disruption my irritate what?
spinal nerve roots
The spinal canal extends from the _________ to the bottom of the sacrum?
foramen magnum
The spinal canal is smallest in what area?
Thoracic region
The spinal canal is largest in what area?
Cervical region; C6 is the widest
What site is the most common site for cord compression (myelopathy)
cervical region
What is the shape of the spinal canal in the cervical region?
triangular
What is the shape of the spinal canal in the thoracic region?
oval
What is the shape of the spinal canal in the lumbar region?
triangular
