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Boards: Spinal Anatomy > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral embryology develops in what layer

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

What guides the development of the vertebral column and the spinal cord?

A

the notochord

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3
Q

The notochord persistes as what structure?

A

nucleus pulposus

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4
Q

Condensation of the mesoderm around the notochord is called what?

A

somites

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5
Q

The vertebrea developes from from what structure?

A

sclerotomes

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6
Q

How many primary ossification centers does the vertebrea have?

A

3

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7
Q

What are the three primary ossification centers for the vertebrea?

A

centrum

right and left halves for the neural arch

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8
Q

How many secondary ossification centers does the vertebrea have?

A

5

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9
Q

muscle developes from what layer?

A

myotomes

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10
Q

What myotome do skeletal muscles develop from?

A

somatic

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11
Q

What myotome does smooth muscle develop from?

A

splanchnic

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12
Q

What myotome does extensor muscles develop from?

A

epimere

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13
Q

What myotome does flexor muscles develop from?

A

hypomere

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14
Q

Peripheral nerves and the dermis develope from what layer?
A. Sclerotome
B. Myotome
C. Dermatome

A

Dermatome

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15
Q

In the process of chondrification mesoderm is replaced with ________?

A

cartilage

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16
Q

In the process of ossification, cartilage is replaced with __________?

A

bone

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17
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

intramembranous and intracartilaginous

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18
Q

In a typical vertebra the superior articular process is always facing what direction?

A

backwards

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19
Q

In a typical vertebra the inferior articular process is always facing what direction?

A

forward

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20
Q

What is between the superior and the inferior articular process?

A

pars interarticularis

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21
Q 
A cervical vertebra body is what shape?
A. Rectangular
B. Heart Shaped
C. Kidney shaped 
D. Circular
A

A

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22
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebra?

A

C1, C2, C7

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23
Q

what is the other name for the C2 vertebra besides the atlas?

A

epistropheus

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24
Q

What is unique about the C7 vertebra?

A

typically the vertebral prominance

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25
Q

The regional orientation of the superior articular facet of the cervical vertebra

A

BUM

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26
Q

The regional orientation of the superior articular facet of the Thoracic vertebra

A

BUL

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27
Q

The regional orientation of the superior articular facet of the lumbar vertebra

A

BM

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28
Q

what ligament extends from the sacrum to the occiput and prevents hyperextension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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29
Q

What ligament extends from the sacrum to the basal part of the occiput and prevent hyperflexion?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

30
Q 
Which ligament is thicker and stronger?
A. ALL
B. PLL
C. Alar Ligament
D. Cruciate Ligament
A

A.

31
Q

The PLL entends fromm ______ to sacrum?

A

C2

32
Q

The PLL ligament is continuous with _________

A

tectorial membrane

33
Q

The supraspinous ligament becomes what ligament after C7?

A

nuchal ligament

34
Q

The interspinous ligament prevents what action

A

posterior translation of the vertebra and limits flexion

35
Q

What ligament extends between laminae of adjacent vertebral?

A

ligamentum flavum

36
Q

***The alar ligament is also known as ________?

A

check ligament

37
Q

*** What action does the alar ligament prevent?

A

excessive axial rotation

38
Q

***Excessive rotation of the neck to the left will put pressure on what ligament?

A

right alar ligament

39
Q

What ligament arises from the apex of the dens?

A

apical ligament

40
Q

The apical ligament inserts into _________

A

anterior aspect of the foreman magnum

41
Q

What two action does the apical ligament do?

A

limits flexion and extension of C2

42
Q

What are the two parts of the cruciate ligament?

A

transverse and vertical part

43
Q

The transverse portion of the cruciate ligament connects at two parts?

A

colliculus arlantis

44
Q

What is the function of the cruciate ligament?

A

limits lateral translation

45
Q

What cartilage is the intervertebral disc made of?

A

fibrocartilaginous

46
Q

The outer part of the intervertebral disc is made of what type of collagen

A

Type I

47
Q

The inner part of the intervertebral disc is made of what type of collagen?

A

Type II

48
Q

The outer part of the intervertebral disc is known as _________

A

anulus fibrosus

49
Q

the anulus fibrosis is made up of _______ concentric laminae

A

15-20

50
Q

fibers of the anulus fibrosus are at what angle?

A

65 degrees

51
Q

The inner aspect of the intervertebral disc is known as the ___________

A

nucleus pulposus

52
Q

The nucleus pulposus contains ______________ which attach water

A

proteoglycans

53
Q

Vertebral discs are thickest in what area of the spinal column?

A

Lumbar

54
Q

Vertebral discs are the thinnest at what area of the spinal column

A

thoracic

55
Q

What part of the anulus fibrosus is innervated?

A

the outer third

56
Q

How does the intervertebral disc receive nourishment?

A

diffusion

57
Q

How many intervertebral discs are there?

A

23

58
Q

the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the superior aspect?

A

pedicle and th inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above

59
Q

the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the anterior aspect?

A

posterolateral aspect of the adjacent vertebrae adn the intervening disc

60
Q

the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the inferior aspect?

A

The superior vertebral notch and pedicle

61
Q

the intervertebral foramen is bound by _____________ on the posterior aspect?

A

capsule and the zygapophyseal joint

62
Q

What are two things that can narrow an intervertebral foreman?

A

osteophytes or prolapsed discs

63
Q

inflammatory chemicals release internal disc disruption my irritate what?

A

spinal nerve roots

64
Q

The spinal canal extends from the _________ to the bottom of the sacrum?

A

foramen magnum

65
Q

The spinal canal is smallest in what area?

A

Thoracic region

66
Q

The spinal canal is largest in what area?

A

Cervical region; C6 is the widest

67
Q

What site is the most common site for cord compression (myelopathy)

A

cervical region

68
Q

What is the shape of the spinal canal in the cervical region?

A

triangular

69
Q

What is the shape of the spinal canal in the thoracic region?

A

oval

70
Q

What is the shape of the spinal canal in the lumbar region?

A

triangular

Boards: Spinal Anatomy (1 decks)

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