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Music History III > Vernacular Music > Flashcards

Vernacular Music Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Vernacular music?

A

musical traditions outside the concert hall

-intended to reach broad musical public

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2
Q

What was used to preserve more vernacular music?

A

recordings

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3
Q

What country became the leading exporter of vernacular music?

A

US

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4
Q

Where did band music originate?

A

military origins

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5
Q

When did John Philip Sousa run the US Marine band?

A

1880-92

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6
Q

What was the band music repertory?

A

marches, dances, arrangements, medleys, transcriptions of classical pieces

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7
Q

Stars and Stripes forever

A
  • Sousa
  • Band Music
  • 1897
  • Known as March King
  • one of the many pieces he composed for band
  • made band prominent
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8
Q

What became important in black and white social life in big cities at the turn of the century?

A

Black bands

-at this point, relatively little improvising

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9
Q

What distinguished black from white bands?

A

the swinging, syncopated style

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10
Q

What were some traits of African American music?

A
  • call and response
  • improv
  • syncopation
  • repetition of short rhythmic or melodic patterns
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11
Q

What was the banjo base on?

A

a west african stringed instrument

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12
Q

What type of African American music had the biggest impact?

A

Spirituals

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13
Q

What group first popularized spirituals?

A

The First Jubilee Singers

-1870s, concerts in US and Europe

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14
Q

What is Ragtime and when did it become popular?

A

It features syncopated (Ragged) rhythm, regular march like bass

  • popular from 1809-1910’s
  • syncopation derived from patting juba of American Blacks
  • emphasis on offbeats
  • reflects complex cross-rhythms in African Music
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15
Q

Who was Scott Joplin?

A
  • leading ragtime composer

- son of former slave, studied music in Texarkana Texas

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16
Q

Where did scott joplin move in 1907?

A

New York

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17
Q

Maple Leaf Rag

A
  • Joplin
  • piano Rag
  • 1899
  • Mixture of European and African Elements
  • King of Ragtime
  • impression of 3/16 meter in right hand against 2/4 meter in left hand
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18
Q

What did composers of popular songs want to do?

A
  • entertain the audience
  • accommodate amateur performers
  • sell sheet music
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19
Q

What were some of the subject included in pop song?

A

Love, ethnic satire, new inventions, family, baseball

-there were also songs for causes

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20
Q

What was the standard form of pop song?

A

verse and refrain

  • one or more verses
  • 32 measure refrain often scored for chorus
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21
Q

What is Tin Pan Alley?

A

the district on west 28th st. in NY

  • 1880’s, publishers specialize in pop songs
  • link between success on stage and sales of printed music
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22
Q

In what ways were the 1920’s a rich time for American pop music?

A
  • vaudeville troupes toured the continent

- operettas, revues, musicals attracted large audiences

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23
Q

When was the “golden age” of Tin pan alley?

A

1920-1955

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24
Q

How did songs become popular in the 1920s?

A
  • made familiar in hit shows
  • sold as sheet music
  • recordings
  • sound technology for films/hollywood musicals
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25
Q

Which composer wrote both music and lyrics to his songs and was known for sentiments, patriotic tunes like God Bless America and White Christmas?

  • mastered all current pop song genres
  • involved in every aspect of music business
A

Irving Berlin (1888-1989)

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26
Q

Which genre was significant in featuring songs and dance numbers?

A

Musical Theater

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27
Q

What was the first musical?

A

Little Johnny Jones

-by George M. Cohan 1904

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28
Q

What was so great about musicals?

A
  • complex collaboration of different artists

- some were vehicles for star entertainers

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29
Q

Who wrote the book and lyrics to Show Boat?

A

Oscar Hammerstein II

30
Q

Who was Hammerstein’s first partner?

A

Jerome Kern

31
Q

What was the hit song from Show Boat?

A

“Ol’ Man River”

32
Q

Who was George Gershwin?

A

-composed classical music, pop songs, and musicals

33
Q

Who wrote some of George Gershwin’s best known songs?

A

his brother Ira Gershwin

34
Q

I Got Rhythm

A
  • George Gershwin
  • 1930
  • Musical
  • Has a famous chord progression that is used later on (rhythmic Changes)
  • syncopated rhythms draw on ragtime
  • the style and energy attracted jazz musicians
35
Q

Which musical had a record-breaking run, with over 2,000 performances and was a pivotal development in integrated musical?

A

Oklahoma!

36
Q

Who is Leonard Bernstein?

A
  • major presence on broadway and classical music
  • 1944 last minute replacement for the New York Phil, overnight celeb
  • “Our Town” 1944 was a success on broadway
37
Q

What was West Side Story?

A
  • a retelling of Romeo and Juliet
  • lyrics by Sondheim
  • Book by arthur Laurents
  • Choreography by Jerome Robbins
  • set in gang ridden NYC 1950’s
  • juxtaposes highly contrasting styles
38
Q

“Cool”

A
  • Bernstein
  • 1957
  • Musical
  • had bebop and a lot of other different styles
  • FUGUE!!!
  • retelling of romeo and juliet
39
Q

When did Sound become synchronized with Film?

A

late 1920’s

40
Q

What was the first Talking picture?

A

Jazz Singer 1927

41
Q

What were the 2 categories of music film?

A

diegetic-heard or performed by characters

-nondiegetic: underscoring, background music

42
Q

When was the golden age of hollywood musicals?

A

1930’s

43
Q

Whose choreography made Bing Crosby, Fred Astaire, and Ginger Rodgers international stars?

A

Busby Berkeley

44
Q

Where were movie musicals so popular?

A

They offered an escape from the Great Depression

  • featured a lot of talent
  • tickets were cheap
45
Q

What kind of people were many film score composers?

A

European immigrants

-Example: Max Steiner

46
Q

What was the movie that Steiner scored that established a model for Hollywood film score?

A

King Kong

-had letimotifs

47
Q

What era is known as “the jazz age”?

A

the 1920’s

48
Q

What is Blues?

A
  • one of the most influential genres of early 20th century america
  • origin obscure
  • lyrics are about sad stuff, but also about how to overcome that stuff
  • allowed performers to display their artistry
49
Q

Who solidified the 12-bar blues form?

A

W.C. Handy, the “father of the blues”

50
Q

How many lines does each poetic stanza have in 12-bar blues?

A

3 lines

  • 2nd line restates first
  • third completes the thought
51
Q

What is the 12-bar blues form?

A

I-IV-I-I
IV-IV-I-I
V-V(or IV)-I-I

52
Q

Who is the “Empress of the Blues”

A

Bessie Smith

53
Q

Back Water Blues

A
  • Bessie Smith
  • 1927
  • Blues song
  • Empress of Blues
  • 12-bar blues
  • unique timbres, phrasing, melodic sensibility in recording
54
Q

What was early Jazz

A

in the 1910’s, it was the mixture of ragtime, dance music, elements of the blues

55
Q

what are some of the distinctive features of 1920’s jazz?

A
  • syncopated rhythm
  • novel vocal and instrumental sounds
  • unbridled spirit
  • improv was important
  • recording industry, radio played key roles in growth and dissemination
56
Q

Maple Leaf Rag

A
  • Jelly Roll Morton
  • 1938
  • Jazz Piano
  • example of how players started to extemporize arrangements
  • joplin’s rag with swinging rhythm and enriched harmony
  • example of New Orleans Jazz
57
Q

What was the leading style of jazz after WWI?

A

New Orleans Jazz

58
Q

What is New Orleans Jazz centered on?

A

group variation of a given une

59
Q

What were some of the leading musicians of Early Jazz?

A
  • Joe “King” Oliver
  • Louis Armstrong
  • Jelly Roll Morton
60
Q

What was the Name of Louis ARmstrong’s band that he formed after playing in King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band?

A

The Hot 5 or 7, depends on what time you’re talking about

61
Q

West End Blues

A
  • King Oliver
  • Blues
  • 1928
  • example of how pop music was sold as recordings by start performers
  • illustrates the ways that jazz performers used songs they played as the basis for improv
  • exemplifies two of Armstrong’s innovative techniques that were good for the development of jazz: Scat singing and good soloing
62
Q

In the 1920s, what was the main function of JAzz?

A

to accompany dancing

63
Q

What was the typical dance band looking like by 1930?

A

-brass, reeds, rhythm section:piano, drums, guitar, and double bass

64
Q

What is Swing?

A

a combo of stylish arrangements with jazz rhythms

-ignited dance craze across the country

65
Q

Who was Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington?

A

one of the most influential American composers

  • innovator, expanded boundaries of jazz
  • born in Washington D.C.
66
Q

What was Duke Ellington’s first band?

A

The Washingtonians HA HA HA

-they were sponsored by the State Department

67
Q

Where did Duke Ellington have a house band from 1927-31?

A

The Cotton Club in Harlem

-Ellington used this band to experiment

68
Q

When was the peak of Ellington’s creative abilities?

A

The 1940s

69
Q

Cotton Tail

A

Duke Ellington

  • 1940
  • Jazz Big Band
  • Tune at beginning is just a series of choruses over the same progression
  • contrafact: new tune over borrowed harmonic progression
  • used the chorus of Gershwin’s I Got Rhythm
70
Q

What did Duke Ellington want his music to be referred to as?

A

Beyond Category

Music History III (5 decks)

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