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Embedded Systems Hardware > Verification and Validation > Flashcards

Verification and Validation Flashcards

1
Q

What are they trying to regulate?

A
  • Safety
  • Electromagnetic emissions
  • Electromagnetic immunity
  • Hazardous materials
  • Recycling packaging
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2
Q

Why regulate?

A
  • protect users
  • protect infrastructure
  • support policy directions
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3
Q

Who is involved?

A
  • manufactures
  • importers/distributors
  • employers
  • consumers/workers
  • government
  • standards writing organizations
  • testing labs
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4
Q

What is a 3rd party certification mark?

A

marks associated with testing houses

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5
Q

What is a certification mark?

A

NOT “approval”
It means:
- successfully tested to appropriate standards
- product being sold is same as tested
- product has a public safety guideline
- manufacturer is regularly audited by the certification body

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6
Q

Manufacturer can only use the mark because…

A
  • they have a contract with certification body

- cert. body licenses the manufacturer to use the mark SUBJECT TO CONDITIONS

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7
Q

CSA mark (with c and us)

A

Indicates that the product is certified for Canada and US markets.

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8
Q

Where do the standards come from and who are the major players?

A

Canada’s National Standards System

Standards Council of Canada (SCC)
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Underwriter’s Laboratories (UL)

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9
Q

What is the IEC 60950

A

International Reference document

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10
Q

What is CAN/CSA 60950

A

Canadian national standard (including national deviations)

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11
Q

What is UL 60950

A

US national standard (including national deviations)

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12
Q

What is EN 60950

A

European standard

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13
Q

What is 60950 stand for?

A

Safety of Information Technology Equipment

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14
Q

Safety from what?

A 
electric shock
energy related hazards
heat related hazards
fire
chemical hazards
radiation
mechanical hazards
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15
Q

Safety for who?

A

Users and service personnel

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16
Q

What are the 3 major ways of ensuring safety?

A

1) specify design criteria for reducing, eliminating, or guarding against hazards
2) specify other protective means separate from equipment
3) provide markings and instructions

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17
Q

How do you get a marks license?

A

1) request from appropriate test house
2) provide purchase order, appropriate documents, and test samples
3) wait

18
Q

What documentation is required for getting a mark?

A
  • What is it / what does it do?
    > product brochures, functional specifications
  • How is it put together?
    > schematics, block diagrams, mechanical designs, PCB, etc
  • What is it made of?
    > UL yellow card, certified component data, cable data
  • How do I make it do…?
    > test software, instructions to make certain functions operate
19
Q

What is the HIPOT test and why do you need it?

A
  • A hipot test (dialectic strength) test is testing for the integrity of the isolation/insulation of the device.
  • Essentially, it is the opposite of a continuity test, here, you expose the equipment to high potential voltage and see if there is any current that travels where it’s not supposed to.

You need to test for this to ensure that your equipment will still operate properly in case it is exposed to high voltage potential.

20
Q

What is the ETL mark?

A

Specializing in electrical product safety testing, EMC testing, and benchmark performance testing.

21
Q

What is the TUV mark?

A

They provide services to companies trying to get their product marked for specific countries/regions.

22
Q

What is the NOM mark?

A

Proves that the product has been tested by the mexican official certification party before entering mexico.

23
Q

What is the GS mark?

A

Highly prestigious mark signifying that it has been tested by the German Equipment and Product Safety Act.

24
Q

What is the CCC mark?

A

China Compulsory Certification. You need this certification to import or export certain products in China.

25
Q

What is the CE mark?

A

It signifies that the producer/manufacturer/distributor takes full responsibility for the performance of the equipment and that it meets certain EU standards.

26
Q

What is the EC-DOC?

A

Declaration of Conformity in document form. Has all information about what standards it conforms to, who is certifying, etc.

27
Q

What is the product certification process?

A

1) Standards and codes
2) Manufacturer’s product design
3) Product testing
4) Follow up inspections
5) consumer/end-user

28
Q

What is the ground bond test?

A
  • protective earth resistance test
29
Q

What is UL listing?

A
  • listing means that the actual PRODUCT has been tested.

- end user receives a listed device

30
Q

What is UL recognition?

A
  • the evaluation of the COMPONENTS / MATERIALS intended for use in a complete system
  • recognized does NOT mean it’s automatically listed.
31
Q

What is ingress protection?

A

Ability to prevent mechanical or liquid substances from entering device.

How to read the IPxy code.
x = mechanical ingress
y = liquid ingres

THE HIGHER THE NUMBER THE BETTER IT IS

32
Q

what is UL 94?

A
  • testing against flammability of plastics.
33
Q

Why does transportable equipment carry a greater shock risk than stationary?

A

because during transport small conductive objects may move around during transport where they may cause harm

34
Q

Describe the different types of enclosures defined by 60950

A
  • Decorative enclosure – external to actual safety enclosure, no safety function
  • fire enclosure – minimize the spread of fire from within
  • mechanical enclosure – reduce the risk of mechanical or other physical hazards
  • electrical enclosure – limit access to parts that may have hazardous voltage or energy.
35
Q

What are the 3 different types of tests? describe them

A

Steady force, impact, and drop test.

1) steady force - 250N, 5s, on 30mm disk
2) impact - 50mm steel ball, 500g, 1.3 m
3) drop - handheld (1000mm to hardwood), desktop (750mm to hardwood).

36
Q

What is a safe voltage level?

A

42.4 RMS

37
Q

What are the 3 classes of electric shock protection?

A

Class 1 - basic insulation + ground screening
Class 2 - double insulation
Class 3 - no hazardous voltages

38
Q

What is SELV?

A

Separated Extra-Low voltage.

Safe to touch during normal operating conditions and after single fault.

39
Q

What is insulation?

A

examples: plastic enclosure, wire insulation, circuit board material

40
Q

What is creepage?

A

The shortest path between two parts (flowing through material)

41
Q

What is clearance?

A

The shortest path between two parts (flowing through air)

42
Q

What are WEEE / RoHS involved with

A

disposal of hazardous material

Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

Uses the CE wheelie bin to show that it shouldn’t be disposed of regularly in waste.

Embedded Systems Hardware (5 decks)

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