Verbs Flashcards
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-go verbs
hacer(to make, to do) yo hago
poner(to put) yo pongo
valer(to be worth) yo valgo
salir(to leave) yo salgo
caer(to fall) yo caigo
raer(to scrape,rub off) yo raigo
traer(to bring) yo traigo
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-oy verbs
estar(to be) yo estoy
dar(to give) yo doy
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-zco verbs
(eg verbs ending in -vowel+-cer or -cir)
If the infinitive of the verb ends in a VOWEL followed by -cer or -cir, the yo form of the verb will end in -zco.(Exceptions:hacer(hago), decir(digo), satisfacer(satisfago)
aborrecer(to hate) yo aborrezco
agradecer(to thank) yo agradezco
aparecer(to appear) yo aparezco
complacer(to please,gratify) yo complazco
conocer(to know, to be yo conozco
acquainted with)
crecer(to grow) yo crezco
establecer(to establish) yo establezco
merecer(to deserve) yo merezco
nacer(to be born) yo nazco
obedecer(to obey) yo obedezco
ofrecer(to offer) yo ofrezco
permanecer(to remain) yo permanezco
pertenecer(to belong) yo pertenezco
yacer(to lie down) yo yazco
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-zo verbs
If the infinitive of the verb ends in a CONSONANT followed by -cer or -cir, the yo form of the verb will end in -zo. (eg -co > -zo)
ejercer(to practice, to exercise) yo ejerzo
esparcir(to scatter) yo esparzo
vencer(to conquer) yo venzo
zurcir(to mend) yo zurzo
Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-ucir verbs (same pattern as other -vowel+cir verbs)
Replace -cir with -zco
conducir(to drive) yo conduzco deducir(to deduce) yo deduzco introducir(to introduce) yo introduzco lucir(to wear, to light up, yo luzco to display) producir(to produce) yo produzco reducir(to reduce) yo reduzco traducir(to translate) yo traduzco
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
Verbs ending in -ger or -gir
- go > -jo
Why? Because the yo form in the present tense usually ends in -o, the -go ending sounds like the English word “go”. A verb that ends in -ger or-gir must maintain a soft g sound, so the yo form will change the spelling from g to j.(e.g. -go > -jo)afligir(to afflict to grieve) yo aflijo
coger(to catch, to seize, to grab) yo cojo
colegir(e>i)(to deduce) yo colijo
corregir(e>i)(to correct) yo corrijo
dirigir(to direct) yo dirijo
elegir(e>i)(to elect) yo elijo
exigir(to demand, to require) yo exijo
fingir(to pretend) yo finjo
proteger(to protect) yo protejo
sumergir(to immerse, to submerge) yo sumerjo
surgir(to surge) yo surjo
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
Verbs ending in -guir > -go
Why? When a verb ends in -guir, the letter u is there only to maintain the hard g sound. You go not pronounce the u in the infinitive, and you should not pronounce it in any of the conjugated forms. However, when the letter u is placed between a g and an o or between a g and an a, pronunciation rules require that you say the u. Because the yo form of these verbs ends in -o, the u is dropped in the yo form to maintain the same sound as the infinitive. Verbs that behave like this include :
distinguir(to distinguish) yo distingo
extinguir(to extinguish) yo extingo
seguir(e > i)(to follow, to continue) yo sigo
Also:conseguir(to get), perseguir(to persecute, to pursue), proseguir(to continue, to proceed)
Extra Y verbs
Any verb that ends in -uir (except for those that end in -guir) adds a y before the normal endings in all forms but nosotros/Nosotras
Eg construir> yo construyo ——– ustedes construyen
Other Extra Y Verbs:
concluir (to conclude) yo concluyo,,,,,Uds.concluyen
constituir(to constitute) yo constituyo,,,,,Uds. Constituyen
contribuir(to contribute) yo contribuyo,,,,,,,,,
destruir(to destroy) yo destruyo,,,,,,,,,,,
fluir(to flow) yo fluyo,,,,,,,,,,,
huir(to run away, to flee) yo huyo,,,,,,,,
incluir(to include) yo incluyo,,,,,,
influir(to influence). yo influyo,,,,,,,
oír(to hear) (*accent on “i”)
The verb oir(to hear) is conjugated similar to construir, but oir is also a -go verb in its yo form, and has an accent on the infinitive and in the nosotros/nosotras form.
yo oígo nosotros/nosotras oímos (accent on i)
tú oyes
él oye ellos oyen
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
The stem of the verb changes and the endings are normal; even the yo form.
- It is always the stressed syllable that changes.
- basically three different types (e>ie; o>ue; e>i
- all forms of the verb will undergo a stem change except for nosotros/nosotras
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
e>ie
Example cerrar (to close)
yo cierro nosotros/nosotras cerramos
tú cierras
el cierra. Uds. cierran
e>ie stem-changers
- most common stem changer
- if a verb has two e’s in the stem, it will always be the second e that undergoes a stem change.
- nosotros/nosotras form does not undergo a stem change.
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
ar verbs with e>ie stem change.
Example cerrar (to close)
yo cierro nosotros/nosotras cerramos
tú cierras
el cierra Uds. cierran
other -ar stem changers:
acertar(e>ie) to guess, to get correct
apretar(e>ie) to tighten, to squeeze
atravesar(e>ie) to cross
cerrar(e>ie). to close
comenzar(e>ie) to begin
confesar(e>ie) to confess
despertar(e>ie) to wake up
empezar(e>ie) to begin
gobernar(e>ie) to govern
helar(e>ie) to freeze
negar(e>ie) to deny
pensar(e>ie) to think
quebrar(e>ie) to break
recomendar(e>ie) to recommend
remendar(e>ie) to patch
sentarse(e>ie) to sit down
temblar(e>ie) to tremble
tropezar(e>ie) to stumble, to bump into
encerrar(e>ie) to encloseStem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
er verbs with e>ie stem change.
Example: perder(to lose)
yo pierdo. nosotros/nosotras perdemos
tú pierdes
Ud. pierde. Uds. pierden
Other common -er verbs that undergo the e>ie stem change: ascender(e>ie) to ascend(to go up) descender(e>ie) to descend(to go down) defender(e>ie). to defend encender(e>ie) to light entender(e>ie) to understand perder(e>ie) to lose querer(e>ie) to want
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
ir verbs with e>ie stem change.
Example: mentir(to tell a lie)
yo miento nosotros/nosotras mentimos
tú mientes
ella miente. ellas mienten
Other -ir verbs with e>ie stem change:
advertir(e>ie) to advise, to warn
convertir(e>ie) to convert
hervir(e>ie) to boil
mentir(e>ie) to tell a lie
preferir(e>ie) to prefer
referir(e>ie) to refer
sentir(e>ie) to feel, to regret
consentir(e>ie) to consent
sugerir(e>ie). to suggest
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
o>ue stem-changers
The second-most common type of stem change.
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
Common -ar verbs with o>ue stem-change
acordar(o>ue) to agree upon acostarse(o>ue) to go to bed almorzar(o>ue) to eat lunch aprobar(o>ue) to approve contar(o>ue) to count, to tell a story costar(o>ue) to cost encontrar(o>ue) to find mostrar(o>ue) to show(interchangeable with demostrar) probar(o>ue) to prove recordar(u>ue) to remember, to remind rogar(o>ue) to pray sonar(o>ue) to sound sonar(o>ue)(con) to dream tostar(o>ue) to toast volar(o>ue) to fly
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
Common -er verbs with o>ue stem-change
Example: mover(to move)
yo muevo nosotros/nosotras movemos
tú mueves
Ud. mueve. Uds. mueven
Common - er verbs that undergo a stem change o> ue:
doler(o>ue) to ache, to hurt morder(o>ue) to bite mover(o>ue) to move poder(o>ue) to be able resolver(o>ue) to resolve soler(u>ue) to be accustomed to volver(o>ue) to return devolver(o>ue) to return an object, to give something back envolver(o>ue) to wrap up
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
Common -ir verbs with o>ue stem-change
Common -I’d verbs that stem change o>ue:
dormir(o>ue) to sleep
morir(o>ue). to die
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
u>ue stem-changers
jugar(u>ue) is the only u>ue stem-changer in the Spanish language.
jugar (to play (a sport or game)) yo juego nosotros/nosotras jugamos tú juegas Ud. juega Uds. juegan
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
e>i stem-changers
All e>i stem-changing verbs are -ir
i.e. only -ir verbs can undergo an e>i stem change.
Example: servir(to serve)
yo sirvo. nuestro/nuestra servimos
tú sirves
Ud. sirve Uds. sirven
Common e>i stem-changing verbs:
bendecir(e>i) to bless colegir(e>i) to deduce competir(e >i) to compete corregir(e>i) to correct decir(e>i) to say, to tell despedirse(e>i) to say goodbye elegir(e>i) to elect freir(e>i) to fry gemir(e>i) to grumble, to groan maldecir(e>i) to curse medir(e>i) to measure pedir(e>i) to request reir(e>i) to laugh repetir(e>i) to repeat seguir(e>i) to follow, to continue servir(e>i) to serve sonreir(e>i) to smile vestir(e>i) to dress despedir(e>i) to fire impedir(e>i) to impede, to prevent devestir(e>i) to undress
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
Verbs that end in -car
If a verb ends in -car, change the c to qu in the yo form of the preterit.
To maintain a hard c sound(in preterit yo ending) the letter c changes to qu in the yo form. e.g. -cé > -qué in the preterit yo form for verbs that end in -car. Pronounce the ending (-qué) like the English name “Kay”. The letter u is never pronounced when it follows a q. The combination of letters qu is always pronounced like a k.
Example: practicar (to practice)
yo practiqué nosotros/nosotras practicamos
tú practicaste
Ud. practicó Uds. practicaron
Common verbs ending in -car:
aparcar(to park) yo aparqué
aplicar(to apply) yo apliqué
buscar(to seek, to look for) yo busqué
clarificar(to clarify) yo clarifiqué
colocar(to place, put) yo coloqué
comunicar(to communicate) yo comuniqué
dedicar(to dedicate) yo dediqué
destacar(to stand out) yo destaqué
educar(to educate) yo eduqué
empacar(to pack) yo empaqué
explicar(to explain) yo expliqué
fabricar(to make) yo fabriqué
indicar(to indicate) yo indiqué
justificar(to justify) yo justifiqué
marcar(to mark) yo marqué
masticar(to chew) yo mastiqué
pescar(to fish) yo pesque
publicar(to publish) yo publiqué
sacar(to take out) yo saqué
significar(to mean) yo signifiqué
tocar(to touch, to play a yo toqué
musical instrument)
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
Verbs that end in -gar
For verbs that end in -gar, in the preterit yo form: -gé > -gué.
Why? To maintain a hard g sound(in preterit yo ending) the letter g changes to gu in the yo form. e.g. -gé > -gué in the preterit yo form for verbs that end in -gar. Pronounce the ending (-gue) like the English word “gay”.
Example: cargar(to load)
yo cargué nosotros/nosotras cargamos
tú cargaste
Ud. cargó Uds. cargaron
Common verbs ending in -gar:
agregar(to add) yo agregué
apagar( to extinguish, yo apagué
to turn off)
cargar(to load) yo cargué
encargar(to put in charge, yo encargué
to entrust)
entregar(to hand in, yo intregué
to hand over)
jugar(to play a sport) yo jugué
llegar(to arrive) yo llegué
obligar(to compel, to oblige) yo obligué
pegar(to hit, to stick, to glue) yo pegué
regar(to water(a plant)) yo regué
segar(to mow(the lawn)) yo segué
tragar(to swallow) yo tragué
vagar(to wander) yo vagué
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
Verbs that end in -zar
In the preterit tense of verbs ending in -zar, the z must change to c before adding the -é in the yo form.
Why? Rule: “Whenever z is followed by e, it changes to c.”
Example: rezar(to pray)
yo recé nosotros, -as rezamos
tú rezaste
él rezó ellos rezaron
Common verbs that end in -zar:
autorizar (to authorize) yo autoricé
abrazar(to embrace, to hug) yo abracé
alcanzar(to reach). yo alcancé
almorzar(to eat lunch) yo almorcé
amenazar(to threaten) yo amenacé
avanzar(to advance) yo avancé
comenzar(to begin) yo comencé
empezar(to begin) yo empecé
gozar(to enjoy) yo gocé
lanzar(to throw) yo lancé
organizar(to organize) yo organicé
realizar(to fulfill, to realize) yo realicé
rezar(to pray) yo recé
simbolizar(to symbolize) yo simbolicé
trazar(to trace) yo tracé
tropezar(to stumble, to trip) yo tropecé
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
i to y
A spelling change is necessary in certain forms in the preterit when the stem of the verb ends in a vowel.
If the letter i is surrounded by two other vowels, you must change the i to y.
The -er and -ir preterit endings (-ió) cause the i to change to y in the third person forms (él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas, ustedes ). An accent will be added to any other i in the conjugation chart.
Verbs ending in -guir are exceptions to the above rule because of the special issue posed by the g.
Example: creer(to believe)
yo creí nosotros /nosotras creímos
tú creíste
él creyó ellos creyeron
Other verbs that have a base ending in a vowel are also conjugated like creer. Many of these verbs end in - uir.
caer(to fall)
construir(to construct, to build)
contribuir(to contribute)
creer( to believe)
destruir(to destroy)
distribuir(to distribute)
fluir(to flow)
huir(to flee, to run away)
incluir(to include)
influir(to influence)
leer(to read)
oir(to hear)
poseer(to possess)
proveer(to provide)
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterit Tense
-ar and -er verbs
No -ar or -er verbs undergo a stem change in the preterit.
Remember that -ar and -er verbs that undergo a stem change in the present tense do not undergo a stem change in the preterit.
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Preterit Tense
-ir verbs
An -ir verb that undergoes a stem change in the present tense will undergo a stem change in the preterit in the third person forms(él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas, and ustedes).
Any -ir verb that undergoes an o > ue stem change in present tense undergoes an o > u stem change in the preterit.
Example: morir(to die)
yo morí nosotros/nosotras morimos
tú moriste
él murió ellos murieon
Example: dormir(to sleep)
yo dormí nosotros/nosotras dormimos
tú dormiste
él durmió ellos durmieron
Any ir verb that undergoes an e > ie stem change in the present tense undergoes an e > i stem change in the preterit in the third person forms (él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas, ustedes)
Example: preferir(to prefer) yo preferí nosotros/nosotras preferimos tú preferiste. él prefirió ellos prefirieron
Common verbs conjugated like preferir in the preterit tense:
advertir(to advise, to warn)
convertir(to convert)
hervir(to boil)
mentir(to lie)
preferir(to prefer)
sentir( to feel, to regret)
An -ir verb that undergoes an e > i stem change in the present tense will also undergo an e > i stem change in the preterit, buy only in the third person forms(él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas, ustedes)
Example: servir(to serve )
yo serví nosotros/nosotras servimos
tù serviste
él sirvió ellos sirvieron
Common verbs conjugated like servir in the preterit:
impedir(to impede, to prevent)
medir(to measure)
pedir(to request)
repetir(to repeat)
seguir(to follow)
vestirse(to dress oneself, to get dressed)
Morphing Irregular Verbs in the Preterit Tense
Some verbs are irregular in the preterit tense because the stem of the verb morphs into something very different from the infinitive.
The morphing verbs have consistent preterit irregularities that you can predict if you know they are morphing verbs.
These verbs consistently use the special set of irregular endings below:
yo -e nosotros/nosotras -imos
tú -iste
él -o ellos -ieron
Notice that there are no accent marks on any forms!!!!!
Morphing Irregular Verbs in the Preterit Tense
u-stem verbs
andar(to walk) changes to anduv-
estar(to be) “ “ estuv-
poner(to put) “ “ pus-
poder(to be able) “ “ pud-
saber(to know) “ “ sup-
tener(to have) “ “ tuv-
Example: tener(to have):
yo tuve nosotros/nosotras tuvimos
tú tuviste
él tuvo ellos tuvieron
Morphing Irregular Verbs in the Preterit Tense
i-stem verbs
hacer(to make, to do) changes to hic-
querer(to want, to love) “ “ quis-
venir(to come) “ “ vin-
Example: venir(to come)
yo vine nosotros/nosotras vinimos
tú viniste
él vino ellos vinieron
Example:hacer(to make, to do)
yo hice nosotros/nosotras hicimos
tú hiciste
él hizo ellos hicieron
Even though hacer uses the same endings as the other morphing verbs in the preterit, there is one spelling change that you have to make on the él, ella, and usted forms of hacer to preserve the soft c sound. You must change the c to z in front of the -o ending; i.e. hizo.
Morphing Irregular Verbs in the Preterit Tense
j-stem verbs
The group of preterit-morphing verbs with a stem ending in j use the same endings as the other preterit-morphing verbs with one exception. The third person plural ending of the verb traer is -eron.
When the irregular stem ends in j, the ellos, ellas, ustedes ending drops the letter i and becomes -jeron.
Common j-stem verbs:
conducir(to drive, to lead) changes to conduj-
decir(to say, to tell) “ “ dij-
producir(to produce) “ “ produj-
traducir(to translate) “ “ traduj-
traer(to bring) “ “ traj-
Example: traer(to bring)
yo traje nosotros/nosotros trajimos
tú trajiste
él trajo ellos trajeron (note -eron not -ieron)
Truly Irregular Verbs in the Preterit
ir (to go) and ser(to be)
ir and ser
+ both are conjugated exactly alike.
+ any form of ir is always followed by the preposition a.
yo fui nosotros/nosotras fuimos tú fuiste èl fue ellos fueron
Note: no accents!
Truly Irregular Verbs in the Preterit
dar(to give) and ver(to see)
dar(to give) and ver(to see)
+ Ver uses the regular endings for a normal -er verb in the preterit and is only irregular because it does not have accent marks.
+ The verb dar is strange because it is conjugated like ver even though it is an -ar verb.
Example dar(to give):
yo di nosotros/nosotras dimos
tú diste
él dio ellos dieron
Example ver(to see)
yo vi nosotros/nosotras vimos
tú viste
él vio nosotros/nosotras vieron
Notice that there are no accent on any of the forms.
Imperfect Tense/Regular Verbs
-ar Verbs
There is not a single -ar verb that is irregular in the imperfect tense.
There are no spelling changes and no stem changes in any verb in this tense.
Notice that the yo form is exactly like the él, ella and usted forms.
Notice that only the nosotros/nosotras form carries a written accent mark.
yo …..-aba Nosotros/ nosotras …..-ábamos
tú ……-abas
él ……-aba ellos ……-aban
Imperfect Tense/Regular Verbs
-er and -ir verbs
Ser, ir, and ver are the only three irregular verbs in the imperfect tense.
For every other -er or -ir verb use:
yo -ía nosotros/nosotras -íamos tú -ías él -ía ellos -ían
Notice that all imperfect tense forms of -er and -ir verbs have a written accent mark on the letter i.
Imperfect Tense/Irregular Verbs
Ser
Ser(to be)
yo era nosotros/nosotras éramos
tú eras
él era eran
Imperfect Tense/Irregular Verbs
Ir
Ir(to go)
yo iba nosotros/nosotras íbamos tú ibas él iba. ellos iban
Imperfect Tense/Irregular Verbs
Ver(to see)
Ver(to see)
yo veía nosotros/nosotras veíamos tú veías él veía. ellos veían
Future Tense/Regular Verbs
Verb endings below are added to the infinitive of any regular verb to create the future tense.
Only 12verbs are irregular in the future tense.
Future Tense Verb Endings yo -é nosotros/nosotras -emos tú -ás él -á ellos -án
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
> The same endings used to create the future tense of regular verbs are used to create the future tense of irregular verbs.
What makes a verb irregular in the future tense is that the infinitive must be changed before you add the future tense ending.
There are only 12 basic verbs (“dirty dozen”) that are irregular in the future tense. The irregularities for the “dirty dozen” follow certain patterns that make them easier to memorize.
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (five) Irregular Verbs that drop the e of the infinitive.
Infinitive Changer to….. Future Tense Ending
saber(to know) sabr- yo sabré
querer(to want) querr- tú querrás
poder(to be able) podr- éi podrá
haber(helping verb) habr- nosotros habremos
caber(to fit) cabr- ellos cabrán
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (five) Irregular Verbs that Change the Vowel of the Infinitive to d.
The Five irregular Verbs That Change the Vowel of the Infinitive to d.
Infinitive Changes to… Future Tense Ending
venir(to come) vendr- vendré(I shall come.)
valer(to be worth) valdr- tú valdrás(You will be worth)
tener(to have) tendr- él tendrá(He will have)
salir(to leave) saldr- nosotros saldremos(We shall leave.)
poner(to put) pondr- ustedes pondrán
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (two) Irregular Verbs that drop the letters e and c from the infinitive.
The Irregular Verbs That Drop e and c from the Infinitive.
Infinitive Changes to…. Future Tense Ending
decir(to say, to tell) dir- yo diré(I shall say)
hacer(to make, to do) har- tú harás(you will do)
Verbs Like Poner
Verbs like poner(to put, to place)
suponer(to suppose)
imponer(to impose)
componer(to compose)
disponer(to dispose)
Notice that the “poner” verbs are easy to recognize if you change the n to s.
Future Tense/Regular Verbs
Verb endings below are added to the infinitive of any regular verb to create the future tense.
Only 12verbs are irregular in the future tense.
Future Tense Verb Endings yo -é nosotros/nosotras -emos tú -ás él -á ellos -án
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
> The same endings used to create the future tense of regular verbs are used to create the future tense of irregular verbs.
What makes a verb irregular in the future tense is that the infinitive must be changed before you add the future tense ending.
There are only 12 basic verbs (“dirty dozen”) that are irregular in the future tense. The irregularities for the “dirty dozen” follow certain patterns that make them easier to memorize.
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (five) Irregular Verbs that drop the e of the infinitive.
Infinitive Changer to….. Future Tense Ending
saber(to know) sabr- yo sabré
querer(to want) querr- tú querrás
poder(to be able) podr- éi podrá
haber(helping verb) habr- nosotros habremos
caber(to fit) cabr- ellos cabrán
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (five) Irregular Verbs that Change the Vowel of the Infinitive to d.
The Five irregular Verbs That Change the Vowel of the Infinitive to d.
Infinitive Changes to… Future Tense Ending
venir(to come) vendr- vendré(I shall come.)
valer(to be worth) valdr- tú valdrás(You will be worth)
tener(to have) tendr- él tendrá(He will have)
salir(to leave) saldr- nosotros saldremos(We shall leave.)
poner(to put) pondr- ustedes pondrán
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (two) Irregular Verbs that drop the letters e and c from the infinitive.
The Irregular Verbs That Drop e and c from the Infinitive.
Infinitive Changes to…. Future Tense Ending
decir(to say, to tell) dir- yo diré(I shall say)
hacer(to make, to do) har- tú harás(you will do)
Verbs Like Poner
Verbs like poner(to put, to place)
suponer(to suppose)
imponer(to impose)
componer(to compose)
disponer(to dispose)
Notice that the “poner” verbs are easy to recognize if you change the n to s.
Future Tense/Regular Verbs
Verb endings below are added to the infinitive of any regular verb to create the future tense.
Only 12verbs are irregular in the future tense.
Future Tense Verb Endings yo -é nosotros/nosotras -emos tú -ás él -á ellos -án
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
> The same endings used to create the future tense of regular verbs are used to create the future tense of irregular verbs.
What makes a verb irregular in the future tense is that the infinitive must be changed before you add the future tense ending.
There are only 12 basic verbs (“dirty dozen”) that are irregular in the future tense. The irregularities for the “dirty dozen” follow certain patterns that make them easier to memorize.
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (five) Irregular Verbs that drop the e of the infinitive.
Infinitive Changer to….. Future Tense Ending
saber(to know) sabr- yo sabré
querer(to want) querr- tú querrás
poder(to be able) podr- éi podrá
haber(helping verb) habr- nosotros habremos
caber(to fit) cabr- ellos cabrán
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (five) Irregular Verbs that Change the Vowel of the Infinitive to d.
The Five irregular Verbs That Change the Vowel of the Infinitive to d.
Infinitive Changes to… Future Tense Ending
venir(to come) vendr- vendré(I shall come.)
valer(to be worth) valdr- tú valdrás(You will be worth)
tener(to have) tendr- él tendrá(He will have)
salir(to leave) saldr- nosotros saldremos(We shall leave.)
poner(to put) pondr- ustedes pondrán
Future Tense/Irregular Verbs
The (two) Irregular Verbs that drop the letters e and c from the infinitive.
The Irregular Verbs That Drop e and c from the Infinitive.
Infinitive Changes to…. Future Tense Ending
decir(to say, to tell) dir- yo diré(I shall say)
hacer(to make, to do) har- tú harás(you will do)
Verbs Like Poner
Verbs like poner(to put, to place)
suponer(to suppose)
imponer(to impose)
componer(to compose)
disponer(to dispose)
Notice that the “poner” verbs are easy to recognize if you change the n to s.
Conditional Tense
> Much like the future tense.
The same verbs that are irregular in the future tense are also
irregular in the conditional tense.
The conditional tense also requires you to use the entire infinitive,
only with different endings.
In Spanish, when the conditional tense is followed by “si” (“if”),
the next verb is in the imperfect (past) subjunctive.
Conditional Tense
Regular verbs
> To create the conditional tense of regular verbs, the conditional ending for each form is added to the entire infinitive.
The 12verbs that are irregular in the future tense are also irregular in the conditional tense.
Conditional Tense Verb Endings yo -ía Nosotros/nosotras .....-íamos tú -ías él -ía ellos .....-ían
Conditional Tense
Irregular verbs
Irregular Conditional Tense Verbs
Stem formed by dropping the e of the infinitive.
Infinitive Changes to Conditional Tense Ending
saber(to know) sabr- yo sabría(I would know)
querer(to want) querr- tù querrías(you would want)
poder(to be able) podr- él podría( he would be able)
haber(helping verb) habr- Nos. habríamos
caber(to fit) cabr- Uds. cabrían(you all would fit)
Conditional Tense
Irregular Verbs
Irregular Conditional Tense Verbs
Stem formed by changing the last vowel of the infinitive to “d”.
Infinitive Changes to……. Conditional Tense Ending
venir(to come) vendr- yo vendría(I would come)
valer(to be worth) valdr- tú valdrías(you would be worth)
tener(to have) tendr- él tendría(you would have)
salir(to leave) saldr- N./N. saldríamos( we would leave)
poner(to put) pondr- ellas pondrían(they would put)
Conditional Tense
Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs That Drop e and c from the Infinitive.
Infinitive Changes to..... Conditional Tense Ending decir(to say, to tell) dir- tú dirías(you would tell) hacer(to make, to do) har- yo haría( I would make)
The Perfect Tenses
The Past Participle
The past participle is a specific form of the verb that usually ends in -ado or -ido.
>not a conjugated form because it does not change to agree with the subject.
The past participle verb form has two uses:
1) Used after a conjugated form of the helping verb haber as part of a compound verb.
> when used as a verb, it always ends in -o because it does not
need to agree with the subject in number or gender.
> It is the base form used to create an adjective from a verb.
-when used as an adjective, the past participle verb form must be adapted to match the gender and number of the noun it modifies.
Regular past participles.
> No verb undergoes a stem change in its past participle form.
All -ar verbs have regular past participle forms.(i.e. , replace the -ar infinitive ending with -ado)
The regular past participles of -er and -ir verbs are exactly alike.
(Formed by removing the -er or -ir infinitive ending and replacing it with -ido.)
Common Irregular past participles
Infinitive Past Participle
abrir(to open) abierto(opened)
cubrir(to cover) cubierto(to cover)
decir(to say) dicho(said)
freir(to fry) frito(fried)
hacer(to make) hecho(made)
imprimir(to print) impreso(printed)
morir(to die) muerto(dead)
poner(to put) puesto(put)
resolver(to resolve) resuelto(resolved)
romper(to break) roto(broken)
ver(to see) visto(seen)
volver(to return) vuelto(returned)
Notice that most irregulars end in -to or -cho.
Past participles based on the above: bendecir(to bless),
componer(to compose), descubrir(to discover), deshacer(to undo)
disponer(to put), exponer(to expose), imponer(impose)
rehacer( to redo, remake), revolver(to turn around, to turn over)
Note: Because satisfacer(to satisfy) is always formed like hacer, its past participle is satisfecho.
Past Participles with accents
To preserve the stress on the correct syllable, any verb that ends in -aer,-eer, or - oir will have an accent on the i of its past participle ending.
Infinitive Past Participle
caer(to fall) caído(fallen)
creer(to believe) creído(believed)
leer(to read) leído(read)
oír(to hear) oído(heard)
reir((to laugh) reído(laughed)
traer(to bring) traído(brought)
The following verbs with prefixes also have an accent on the -ído of the past participle form: atraer(to attract), distraer(to distract), sustraer(to subtract), sonreír( to smile)
Haber
Uses:
1) To create a compound tense.
2) It is used idiomatically to indicate existence.
It is irregular in the present tense when used this way.
The word “hay” is followed by singular or plural objects to express “there is” or “there are” .
In other tenses, the third person singular(él) form of the verb is used regardless of the number of what follows.
Compound Tenses
> Formed by placing a form of haber in front of a “pure past participle .
The past participle never changes, but the helping verb must be conjugated to agree with the subject.
The tense in which the helping verb is conjugated will determine which of the compound tenses is being constructed.
Compound Tenses
Present Perfect Tense
> Use the present perfect to indicate that the action of the verb has been completed prior to the present.
The present tense conjugation of haber places the point of view in the present but the perfect tense indicates completion.
For this reason,the present perfect can actually be used like the preterit to indicate “completeness”.
Compound Tenses Past perfect (pluperfect)
Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense
>The imperfect tense conjugation of the verb haber is used with the past participle of the main verb.
>Translated as “Sub. had past part.”.
>The past perfect (pluperfect) tense is used when you are speaking about a time in the past and you want to indicate that something had already been completed before that time.
Example:
Yo había llamado dos veces antes de visitarles ayer.
I had called twice before visiting them yesterday.
Compound Tenses Preterit perfect (past anterior)
> Rarely used in spoken Spanish.
>You are most likely to encounter the preterit perfect in literature, where it is easy to understand.
Compound Tenses
Future perfect
Note: The future stem of haber is habr-
Example: Future Perfect Tense Conjugation for ganar(to win, to earn)
yo habré ganado nosotros/nosotras habremos ganado
tú habrás ganado
ella habrás ganado ellas habrán ganado
Translated : I will have won. You will have won. She will have won. We will have won. They will have won.
> The future perfect is used to express an action in the future that will be completed before another action that is yet to occur. For example,
Para el fin de semana, yo habré leído su libro.
By the end of the week, I will have read his book
> The adverb “ya”(already) is often used with the future perfect.
Ellos ya habrán termanado su clase cuando reparen el acondicionado de aire.
They already will have finished their class when they repair the air conditioner.
> The future tense is sometimes used to express conjecture or the probability of an action occurring in the present.
> The future tense can be used in a similar fashion to express the probability that an action has currently been completed:
Ellos habrán llegado al aeropuerto .
They have arrived at the airport.(probably)
Ella habrá llamado para hacer reservaciones.
She has called to make reservations.(supposition)
Compound Tenses
Conditional perfect
> The conditional conjugation of haber is completely regular.
When used with a past participle ,the result is a statement contrary to reality; the action of the verb would have been completed if some condition had been met: “I would have done something if …..”
Conditional Perfect Tense Conjugation for Ir(to go)
yo habría ido nosotros/nosotras habríamos ido
tú habrías ido
Us. habría ido Uds. habrías ido
Above translated: I would have gone, , , You(all) would have gone.
The conditional perfect can also be used to express probability or conjecture about the completion of an action prior to some point in the past.
Él habría ganado una beca antes de asistir a esa universidad.
He would have won a scholarship before attending that university.(I bet)
La jefe le habría prometido el puesto cuando empezó a trabajar aqui.
The boss must have promised him the position when he started to work here.(pure conjecture)
Present Subjunctive Tense
Creating present subjunctive verb forms.
1) form of yo
2) drop the -o
3) add the opposite endings
Present Subjunctive Tense
Creating present subjunctive verb forms.
-ar verbs
Present Subjunctive Endings for -ar verbs
Subject Ending Subject Ending
yo -e nosotros/nosotas -emos
tú -es
él -e ellos -en
ella -e ellas -en
usted -e ustedes -en
Notice: No accent marks.
Present Subjunctive Tense
Creating present subjunctive verb forms.
Verbs that end in -car,-gar, and -zar
Any verb that ends in -car, -gar, or -zar will use the endings and rules for regular -ar verbs for creating the present subjunctive , but to preserve the correct pronunciation of that letter, it will under go a spelling change in the letter that precedes the subjunctive ending.
(A similar spelling change happens in the preterit tense for the same reason , but in the preterit , this spelling change affects only the yo form. In the present subjunctive, the spelling change occurs in all forms.)
Infinitive ends in -car: use qu rather than c in all forms to maintain the
hard c sound (like a “k”).
Example: buscar(to seek) busque, basques, busquemos, busquen
Infinitive ends in -gar: use gu rather than g in all forms to maintain the
hard g sound (like the g in “go”).
Example: cargar(to load) cargue, cargues, , carguemos, carguen
Infinitive ends in -zar: use c rather than z in all forms(Rule: The letter z
changes to c when followed by e.)
Example: abrazar(to hug) abrace, abraces, ,abracemos, abracen
Present Subjunctive Tense
Creating present subjunctive verb forms.
-er and -ir verbs
Present Subjunctive Endings for Regular -er and -ir verbs
Subject Ending Subject Ending
yo -a nosotros/nosotas -amos
tú -as
él -a ellos -an
ella -a ellas -an
usted -a ustedes -an
Notice: No accent marks.
Present subjunctive
- go verbs
Example:
Present Subjunctive Conjugation for Tener(to have)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo tenga nosotros/nosotras tengamos
tú tengas
él/ella/usted tenga ellos/ellas/ustedes tengan
The Yo/Él Form of -go Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
Infinitive Present Subjunctive Yo/Él Form
atraer(to attract) atraiga
caer(to fall) caiga
contraer(to contract) contraiga
decir(to say,to tell) diga
hacer(to make,to do) haga
oír(to hear) oiga
poner(to put,to place) ponga
raer(to scrape) raiga
retraer(to bring back) retraiga
salir(to leave) salga
sustraer(to subtract) sustraiga
traer(to bring) traiga
valer(to be worth) valga
venir(to come) venga
Present Subjunctive
-zco verbs
In general, and verb that ends in a vowel followed by -cer or -cir will have a yo form that ends in -zco. Therefore, all forms of the present subjunctive for these verbs will reflect the yo form.
Example:
Present Subjunctive Conjugation for Conocer(to know, to be acquainted with)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo conozca nosotros/nosotras conozcamos
tú conozcas
él/ella/usted conozca ellos/ellas/ustedes conozcan
The Yo/Él Form of -zco Verbs in the Present Subjunctive Infinitive Present Subjunctive Yo/Él Form aborrecer(to hate) aborrezca agradecer(to thank) agradezca aparecer(to appear) aparezca crecer(to grow) crezca desaparecer(to disappear) desaparezca desconocer(to be ignorant) desconozca establecer(to establish) establezca merecer(to deserve) merezca nacer(to be born) nazco obedecer(to obey) obedezca ofrecer(to offer) ofrezca permanecer(to maintain) permanezca pertenecer(to belong) pertenezca complacer(to please,to gratify) complazca reconocer( to recognize) reconozca yacer(to lie down) yazca
Present Subjunctive
-ucir verbs
Verbs that end in -ucir also have -zca, -zcas, -zca, -zcamos, -zcan
The Yo/Él Form of -ucir Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
Infinitive Present Subjunctive Yo/Él Form
conducir(to drive) conduzca
deducir(to deduce) deduzca
deslucir(to tarnish) desluzca
introducir(to introduce) introduzca
lucir(to light up, to display) luzco
producir(to produce) produzca
reducir(to reduce) reduzca
traducir(to translate) traduzca
Present Subjunctive
-zo verbs
A verb that ends in a consonant followed by -cer or -cir has a yo form ending in -zo. Therefore, all forms of the present subjunctive for these verbs will reflect the yo form.
Present Subjunctive conjugation for Ejercer(to Exercise, to Practice a
Profession)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo ejerza nosotros/nosotras ejerzamos
tú ejerzas
él/ella/usted ejerza ellos/ellas/ustedes ejerzan
The Yo/Él Form of -zo Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
Infinitive Present Subjunctive Yo/Él Form convencer(to convince, convenza
to persuade) esparcir(to scatter) esparza vencer(to conquer) venza zurcir(to mend) zurza
Present Subjunctive
-gir, -ger verbs
A verb that ends in -gir in its infinitive form must change the g to j to maintain the soft g sound in all forms of the present subjunctive . (Change “g” to “j” before “o” or “a”)
Present Subjunctive Conjugation for Dirigir(to Direct) Subject Verb Subject Verb yo dirija nosotros/nosortas dirijamos tú dirijas éi/ella/usted dirija ellos/ellas/ustedes dirijan
The Yo/Él Form of -gir Verbs in the Present Subjunctive
afligir(to afflict, to grieve) aflijo
coger(to catch, to seize, to grab) coja
colegir(to deduce)(e>i) colija
corregir(to correct)(e>i) corrija
escoger(to choose) escoja
dirigir(to direct) dirija
elegir(to elect)(e>i) elija
fingir(to pretend) finja
proteger(to protect) proteja
recoger(to gather, to pick up) recoja
sumergir(to immerse) sumerja
surgir(to surge) surja
Present Subjunctive
-guir Verb
A verb that ends in -guir includes a u in its infinitive form only to attain a hard g sound. In all forms of the subjunctive, you must drop that u; because the g is now followed by an a, it is already pronounced hard.
Example: seguir(to continue, to follow)(e>i)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo siga nosotros/nosotras sigamos
tú sigas
él/ella/usted siga ellos/ellas/ustedes sigan
The Yo/Él Form of -guir Verbs in the present Subjunctive Infinitive Present Subjunctive Yo/Él Form conseguir*(to get) consiga distinguir(to distinguish) distinga extinguir(to extinguish) exstinga perseguir*(to persecute, to pursue) persiga proseguir*(to continue, to follow) prosiga
Present Subjunctive
-uir verbs that add a y
Any verb that ends in -uir (except -guir) will have a y in front of the subjunctive ending for all forms.
Example: Present Subjunctive Conjugation of the Verb
Contribuir(to contribute)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo contribuya nosotros/nosotras contribuyamos
tú contribuyas
él/ellas/usted contribuya ellos/ellas/ustedes contribuyan
The Yo/Él Form of -uir Verbs That Change I to y in the
Present Subjunctive
Infinitive Present Subjunctive Yo/Él Form concluir(to conclude) concluya constituir(to constitute) constituya construir(to build, to construct) construya destruir(to destroy) destruya fluir(to flow) fluya huir(to run away, to flee) huya incluir(to include) incluya influir(to influence) influya
Present Subjunctive
Stem-Changers
> Any verb that undergoes a stem change in the present tense undergoes the same stem change in the present subjunctive in all forms except nosotros/nosotras.
only -ir verbs undergo a stem change in the nosotros/nosotras form and, only in this form undergoes o>u or e>i stem change.
Example: Subjunctive Present Tense for Mostrar(o>ue) (to show)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo muestre nosotros/nosotras mostremos
tú muestres
él/ella/usted muestre ellos/ellas/ustedes muestren
Example: Subjunctive Present Tense for Entender(e>ie)(to understand)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo entienda nosotros/nosotras entendamos
tú entiendas
él/ella/usted entienda ellos/ellas/ustedes entiendan
Example: Subjunctive Present Tense for Dormir( o>ue)(to sleep)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo duerma nosotros/nosotras durmamos
tú duermas
él/ella/usted duerma ellos/ellas/ustedes duerman
Example: Subjunctive Present Tense for Jugar(u>ue)(to play)
Subject Verb Subject Verb
yo juegue nosotros/nosotras juguemos
tú juegues
él/ella/usted juegue ellos/ellas/ustedes jueguen
Note: jugar has both a stem change (u>ue)and a spelling change(-ge > -gue)
Present Subjunctive
Truly Irregular Verbs
1) dar(to give): dé, des, dé, demos, den
2) estar(to be): esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén
3) ir(to go): vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan
4) saber(to know) sepa, sepas,sepa, sepamos, sepan
5) ser(to be) sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean
