Verbal Flashcards
Meaning of “identify grounds”
provide a basis
“After all” is used to signal what?
“After all” is used to signal a reason or justification for something previously mentioned.
Of course I love her – after all, she’s my sister.
His doctor attributes his health problems to a poor diet and a lack of exercise.
attribute 결과 to 원인
Drivers 65 and older do not, on average, drive very many fewer miles per year than drivers 24 and younger.
Not + fewer = more or same
Which of the following would, if true, best serve as an alternative explanation of the results of the study?
“Weaken” question
Most large earthquakes are preceded by minor tremors
A is preceded by B
B -> A
Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs,
better than
It is easier to support a claim that uses 1) ____ language than it is to support a claim with very 2) ____ language
1) weak language
2) strong language
“All of those that include a past issue of the magazine also include the current issue of the magazine.”
If one employee were to package all of the orders that include a (A) , that employee would also package all of the orders that include a (B).
c.f. If an order includes(C), the order would also include (D)
Current issue of the magazine - bigger circle
Past issue of the magazine - smaller circle inside of the bigger circle
If one employee were to package all of the orders that include a current issue , that employee would also package all of the orders that include a past issue.
c.f. If an order includes past issue, the order would also include current issue.
“If” introduces a (A) condition that guarantees the result but isn’t the only way for it to happen.
“Only if” introduces a (B) condition that is required for the result to happen. Without it, the result cannot occur.
“If” introduces a sufficient condition that guarantees the result but isn’t the only way for it to happen.
“Only if” introduces a necessary condition that is required for the result to happen. Without it, the result cannot occur.
Using “If” (Sufficient Condition):
Example 1: If it rains, the ground will get wet.
Rain is sufficient to cause the ground to get wet. However, the ground could also get wet for other reasons (e.g., a sprinkler).
Example 2: If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Studying hard is sufficient to pass, but there may be other ways to pass (e.g., the exam being easy).
Using “Only If” (Necessary Condition):
Example 1: The ground will be wet only if it rains.
Rain is necessary for the ground to be wet. If it doesn’t rain, the ground won’t get wet.
Example 2: You will pass the exam only if you study hard.
Studying hard is necessary to pass. Without studying hard, you cannot pass.
“if P then Q” is logically equivalent to “P only if Q”
“if P then Q” is logically equivalent to ?
P only if Q
