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Y1 NMS sem2 anatomy > Ventricle, meninges, CSF and dural sinuses > Flashcards

Ventricle, meninges, CSF and dural sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

3 layers of tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord and enclose the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which forms a hydraulic cushion around the nervous system. The meninges enclose the entire CNS and anchor it against sudden movements or impact.

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2
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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3
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough outer connective tissue. Consists of two layers that usually run parallel to each other but separate when they form sinuses which carry venous blood.

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of dura mater?

A

Periosteal layer - adheres to the bone of the skull and forms the periosteum
Meningeal layer - forms sheets of tissue such as the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli and diaphragm sella

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5
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

A layer lying between the dura and pia mater. A web-like structure (trabeculations) containing the circle of Willis and the CSF. Forms a large space (subarachnoid space) between the arachnoid and pia mater.

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6
Q

What is pia mater?

A

A layer of the meninges adhering to the surface of the CNS and follows the contours of the fissures and sulci. In the spinal cord it forms the denticulate ligament and filum terminale.

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7
Q

What is extradural space?

A

Space between the dura mater and the cranial bones.

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8
Q

What is subdural space?

A

Space between dura mater and arachnoid mater.

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9
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S - Skin
C - dense Connective tissue
A - Aponeurosis of occipito-frontalis 
L - Loose connective tissue
P - Pericranium
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10
Q

What do the first three layers of the scalp form?

A

The skin, dense connective tissue and aponeurosis of occipito-frontalis form a single functional layer.

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11
Q

Which spinal cord regions have lateral horns?

A

T1-L2

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12
Q

Does white matter increase or decrease down the spinal cord?

A

There is an increase in white mater travelling down the spinal cords as well as there being an increase in size of lateral and ventral horns.

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13
Q

What does the blood brain barrier separate?

A

The blood brain barrier separates the blood from the CSF

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14
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made of?

A

Blood brain barrier is made of endothelial cells that are connected via tight junctions (which restrict diffusion) and astrocytes.

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15
Q

What does the blood brain barrier protect against?

A

The barrier protects the brain against toxins, bacteria, neurotoxins and provides chemical, physical and mechanical protection.

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16
Q

What substances can travel through the blood brain barrier?

A

CO2, O2, NH4+ can travel through the barrier as they are small enough and charged enough (ammonium) to pass through. This allows for removal of toxins and a good supply of oxygen for metabolic activities.

17
Q

Where do all the sinuses join at?

A

The confluence of sinuses.

18
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space between the arachnoid and pia mater. Major vessels supplying the brain run through this and the remaining space is full of CSF.

19
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Deep inside the fore-, mid- and hind-brains therefore, are a series of interconnecting chambers, the ventricles.

20
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

In the midbrain there is the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

21
Q

Where does the central canal start and end?

A

The central canal of the spinal cord continues down the length of the cord from the most caudal part of the fourth ventricle.

22
Q

What drains into the cavernous sinus?

A

The cerebral, ophthalmic and emissary veins drain into the cavernous sinus.

23
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus join to?

A

The sigmoid sinus travels through the jugular notch to join the internal jugular vein.

24
Q

Where are the two cavernous sinuses located?

A

Both are surrounded by the carotid artery (superiorly), sphenoid bone (inferiorly) and various nerves and arteries laterally.

25
Q

What passes through the sinuses and pass laterally to the sinus?

A

internal Carotid artery and Abducens nerve pass through the cavernous sinus
Oculomotor, Trochlear, Ophthalmic (trigeminal) and Maxillary (trigeminal) nerves pass laterally to the sinus.

Memory aid: OTOMCAT

26
Q

Where are the ventricles located?

A

There are two large lateral ventricles, deep to the lobes of the brain; the single third ventricle in the midline between the thalami and fourth ventricle, which lies between the brainstem and the cerebellum.

27
Q

What is the ventricular system lined with?

A

Ependymal cells which are a form of glial cells.

28
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Produced in the ventricles, specifically the choroid plexus (which is a collection of specific areas from the lateral, third and fourth ventricles).

29
Q

Composition of CSF

A

Plasma from arterial blood is altered in the choroid plexus to produce CSF, so is a low protein but rich in electrolyte substance.

30
Q

How much CSF is stored and produced each day?

A

The body can store 140ml of CSF but we produce 600ml each day.

31
Q

How can we produce more CSF than we can store?

A

Due to constant absorption and a high pressure of the CSF we are able to circulate CSF through our nervous system.

32
Q

How is CSF circulated through the nervous system?

A

CSF leaves our ventricles via the fourth ventricle and passes into the subarachnoid space. After travelling through this space in the skull and spinal cords, the CSF will pass through the arachnoid granules to return to the dural venous sinuses.

33
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

Lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle via the foremen of Monro.

34
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

Third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct, which also transports CSF.

35
Q

Through what anatomical features does the CSF leave the fourth ventricle?

A

Leaves via the obex (into the spinal canal)

Leaves via the foramen of Luschka/median aperture (into the subarachnoid space)

36
Q

How do you take a sample of CSF?

A

Doctors will inject a syringe below the L3 spinal cord in order to miss the spinal nerves (as spinal nerves become the corda equine, which is so small the needle will not penetrate it). After the skin the needle passes through the ligamentum flavum, extra dural mater, dura mater and then arachnoid space. Length of syringe is measured before to stop it in a specific area.

37
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

The internal jugular vein

Y1 NMS sem2 anatomy (6 decks)

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