Ventillation

Question 1

During Inspiration what is pressure like?

Answer 1

Air moves down a pressure gradient (high to low pressure)

Question 2

Describe what happens during inspiration

Answer 2

•Diaphragm moves down and contracts
•external intercostal muscles contract and expand pulling rib cage out
•thoracic cavity volume increases

Question 3

What is the pressure like during expiration?

Answer 3

Air moves down a pressure gradient ( from high in lungs to low in atmosphere)

Question 4

Describe what happens during expiration

Answer 4

•thoracic cavity volume decreases
•external intercostal muscles relax pulling rib cage down
• internal intercostal muscles contract
•diaphragm relaxes moves in

Question 5

what can help with ventilation

Answer 5

A mechanical ventilator can be given if struggling with breathing. Most likely if you have muscle weakness or severe lung infection

Question 6

Describe diffusion of O2 from alveoli to capillaries

Answer 6

Oxygen in the alveoli diffuse through the squamous epithelial cell and the endothelial wall. This gives a short diffusion pathway. The oxygen moves from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient therefore a move down a concentration gradient.

Question 7

Describe how carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli

Answer 7

There is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the capillaries compared to the alveoli therefore carbon dioxide move down a concentration gradient. The carbon dioxide diffuses through the squamous epithelial cell and endothelial wall and into the alveoli, This is a short diffusion pathway.

Question 8

How is a concentration gradient maintained?

Answer 8

Through circulation of blood by the heart and ventilation

Question 9

What is the equation for respiratory minute volume?

Answer 9

Respiratory minute volume = ventilation rate X tidal volume

Question 10

What is tidal volume?

Answer 10

Tidal volume is the natural breathing volume. The normal breathing in and out.

Question 11

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 11

This is the maximum you breathe in

Question 12

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 12

The maximum we breathe out

Question 13

What is vital capacity?

Answer 13

This is the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume altogether.

Question 14

What is residual?

Answer 14

The leftover air that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

Question 15

Trachea

Answer 15

transports air from mouth to lungs

Question 16

Structure of the trachea

Answer 16

Has cartilage (holds airways open to prevent it from collapsing), smooth muscle (contracts), epithelial tissue (ciliated epithelium cells and goblet cells)

Question 17

Bronchi

Answer 17

Transports air to each lung

Question 18

Structure of bronchi

Answer 18

Cartilage, epithelium tissue (goblet and squamous epithelial cells), smooth muscle

Question 19

Bronchioles

Answer 19

Transports air to alveoli

Question 20

Structure of bronchioles

Answer 20

Lined with ciliated epithelial cells and smooth muscle

Question 21

Structure of alveoli

Answer 21

Lined with squamous epithelial cells and elastin

Question 22

Intercostal muscles

Answer 22

Are muscles in between ribs

Question 23

Diaphragm

Answer 23

Muscle that contracts and flattens and relaxes and moves up (increases and decreases thoracic cavity volume)

Question 24

Pleural membrane

Answer 24

Situated with one side of lungs and other side on body cavity

Question 25

Pleural fluid

Answer 25

Reduces friction and allows membranes to slide over each other
Prevents blood from sticking to the body cavity wall

Question 26

How is the concentration gradient maintained

Answer 26

Through the circulation of blood and ventilation