Ventilatory System Flashcards by Jack Grosser

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

Many systems in the body are continuously working in a highly coordinated manner to keep a large number of variables at, or a close as possible to normal.

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Dynamic equilibrium - Homeostasis

Conditions are not identical at all times, but remain within an acceptable range

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Conducting Structures

Nose, Mouth

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Pharynx

Clears Gunk

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Larynx

Voice Box

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What makes up the Thoracic Cavity

Intercostal Muscles
Rib Cage
Diaphragm

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Functions of Nose and Mouth + Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles

Provide low resistance air flow

Defence against chemicals and harmful things that are inhaled

No gas exchange occurs in these parts, air is warmed, moistened and filtered

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Filtration Mechanisms

Nasal hair
Sticky Mucus
Cilia

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Cilia

Moves sticky mucus and debris to the pharynx

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Exhalation

Lung pressure increases
- Intercostals contract
- Diaphragm increases in size
- Thoracic cavity decreases in size

Air is released

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Inhalation

Lung pressure decreases
- Intercostals release
- Diaphragm flattens
- Thoracic cavity increases in size

Air can enter

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Breathing During Exercise

More Oxygen is required
More Carbon Dioxide is created

- Higer respiration rate
- Increased tidal volume

More muscles are recruited to achieve this

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Pulmonary Ventilation

Inspiration and expiration between the lungs and the atmosphere

Crudely known as breathing

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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation

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Vital Capacity (VC)

Max volume of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation

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Tidal Volume (TV)

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath (L)

Size of each breath

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Additional air over and above tidal volume that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume

Residual Volume (RV)

The air that remains in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation.

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration

Minute Ventilation

Volume of air exhaled per minute (VE min)
- Size of breath (TV) x Breathing Frequency (Bf)

Effectors of VS

Age (Under 25 normally highest)
Gender
Size of thoracic cavity
Physical fitness
Posture
Race
Lung abnormalities

Stretch receptors

Respond to changes in the volume of the lungs

Hering-Breuer reflex

Inflation Reflex - Prevents over expansion Deflation Reflex - Inhibits expiratory centres

Jobs of RBC and Haemoglobin

- 98.5% of O2 in the blood is transported as oxyhaemoglobin - A haemoglobin has 4 globular protein - A haemoglobin can carry 4 O2 molecules - A RBC has approximately 280 million molecules of haemoglobin - 1 RBC can carry more than 1 billion molecules of O2

Haemoglobin

- A substance in Red Blood Cells (RBC/Erythrocytes) - Consists of protein Globin and Iron - Responsible for transportation of O2 and CO2 - To and from tissue cells and respiration sites

Myoglobin

- Transports O2 to muscle cells (Myocytes)

Diffusion

- High concentration -> Low concentration - Takes place through a very thin cell membrane in humans - Rate of diffusion depends on the concentration gradient, size of molecule and diffusion distance

Do we use all the O2 we breathe in?

No, This is the breakdown of oxygen in and oxygen out - Air - 21% O2 - 0.1% CO2 - Breath - 15.3% O2 - 4.2% CO2

Is Gaseous Exchange Passive or Active

Passive through diffusion

How can we change our Gaseous Exchange

Increased HR Increased BF