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Gen Med (Resp) > Ventilatory Disorders > Flashcards

Ventilatory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Name some non-modifiable risk factors for development of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Male, family history, abnormal mandibular/pharyngeal anatomy

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2
Q

What are some symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea which occur during the night?

A

Snoring and nocturnal attacks of choking

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3
Q

Other than excessive sleepiness, what are some symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea which occur during the day?

A

Poor concentration, short term memory impairment, personality change

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4
Q

What are the most important long-term consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea to be aware of?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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5
Q

What investigation is required to differentiate obstructive sleep apnoea from simple snoring?

A

Sleep study

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6
Q

What is the definitive investigation for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Sleep study

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7
Q

What are the two main types of sleep study which can be used in the investigation of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Overnight oximetry, polysomnography

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8
Q

What is the definition of apnoea?

A

An interval of > 10 seconds between breaths

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9
Q

An apnoea/hypopnoea index of more than what suggests severe obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

> 30

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10
Q

What is the definitive treatment option for obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Lose weight

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11
Q

What are the driving rules regarding obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Must inform the DVLA of the diagnosis, don’t drive if feeling sleepy

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12
Q

What investigations are necessary to diagnose obesity hypoventilation syndrome?

A

Sleep study and ABG

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13
Q

What will pulmonary function tests done in obesity hypoventilation syndrome show?

A

Restrictive lung defect with preserved transfer factor

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14
Q

What is the main treatment for obesity hypoventilation syndrome?

A

Lose weight

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15
Q

Should CPAP be used in the treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome?

A

No (exacerbates hypercapnia)

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16
Q

Neuromuscular diseases and chest wall abnormalities can lead to which type of respiratory failure?

A

Type II

17
Q

What is the respiratory management of neuromuscular diseases and chest wall abnormalities?

A

Overnight non-invasive ventilation

18
Q

What mechanical treatment can be used in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Mandibular advancement device

19
Q

What mechanical treatment can be used in patients with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Nocturnal CPAP

20
Q

The significant under-ventilation which occurs in obesity hypoventilation syndrome can lead to the development of what?

A

Type II respiratory failure

21
Q

Name some features of obesity hypoventilation syndrome which overlap with obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Hypersomnolence, memory/concentration problems, personality changes

22
Q

Patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome often have daytime hypercapnia- what are some potential symptoms of this?

A

Early morning headaches and drowsiness

23
Q

What scoring system is used to assess the severity of sleepiness symptoms in patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Epworth sleepiness scale

24
Q

What scoring system is used to grade the pharyngeal appearance in patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Mallampati score

25
Q

Which two blood tests are most important to perform in someone with suspected sleep apnoea and why?

A

TFTs to screen for hypothyroidism and FBC to identify polycythaemia

26
Q

What investigations should be performed in someone with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea to rule out underlying lung disease?

A

Spirometry and CXR

27
Q

What are the two main causes of ventilatory failure?

A

Obesity and neuromuscular diseases

28
Q

Why do the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea occur?

A

Repeated partial or total collapse of the airways during sleep

29
Q

What are the two main modifiable risk factors for the development of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Obesity and increased collar size

30
Q

What are some medical conditions that can increase the risk of developing obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Hypothyroidism, nasal polyps and diabetes

31
Q

What broad category of drugs increases the risk of developing obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Sedating drugs

Gen Med (Resp) (4 decks)

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