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ch-11 quiz 2 ventilation > ventilation-quiz2 > Flashcards

ventilation-quiz2 Flashcards

1
Q

Receives afferent impulses from all other areas in the body

A

Respiratory control center located in the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

It is here where afferent impulses are interpreted & efferent impulses are initiated

A

Medulla oblongata

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3
Q

These are 2 areas in the medulla that contain respiratory neurons

A

Dorsal Respiratory group & Ventral respiratory group

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4
Q

This is where inspiratory efferent impulses originate & then travel to VRG & Spinal Chord

A

DRG

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5
Q

Inspiration normally a ramp signal, increasing steadily for approx. _______ seconds & then stopping for approx. _______ seconds.

A

2 seconds

3 seconds

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6
Q

What is the primary controller of the depth & rate of inspiration?

A

DRG

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7
Q

Name the two centers in the pons that contain afferent respiratory neurons?

A

Pneumotaxic Center

Apneustic Center

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8
Q

Functions primarily by sending efferent impulses to all expiratory motor neurons during stressed ventilation?

A

VRG

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9
Q

Axons from the higher brain centers descend into where?

A

Spinal Cord

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10
Q

Afferent impulses from here fine tune ventilator rhythmic breathing

A

Pneumotaxic Center

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11
Q

Afferent impulses from here cause a sustained inspiratory pattern with only short expiratory times which is located in the lower pons; if destroyed will cause a rapid, irregular, gasping respiratory pattern.

A

Apneustic Center

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12
Q

Inhibits length of respiration

A

Pneumotaxic Center

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13
Q

Important to stressed breathing, they are inactive during normal quiet breathing & is important during exercises; Sends inspiratory efferent impulses during stressed breathing

A

VRG

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14
Q

Responsible for generating the basic rhythm of inspiration

A

DRG

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15
Q

Afferent impulses via the vagus nerve originate from what two areas?

A

Baroreceptors & Pulmonary Reflexes (stretch receptors aka Hering-Breuer Reflex)

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16
Q

Where are stretch receptors located that activate the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A

Smooth muscle of conducting airways

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17
Q

What stimulates the hering-breuer reflex?

A

Lung inflation & increased transpulmonary pressures stiulate the receptors

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18
Q

Where are J-receptors located?

A

In the walls of pulmonary capillaries

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19
Q

What stimulates J-receptors?

A

Increased interstitial fluid volume or edema, pulmonary congestion, chemical irritants

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20
Q

What type of breathing occurs when j receptors are stimulated?

A

Rapid, Shallow breathing

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21
Q

When J-receptors are stimulated it can result in hyper/hypo ventilation?

A

Hypoventilation

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22
Q

This innervates the peripheral chemoreceptor cells in the carotid bodies?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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23
Q

Central/Peripheral chemoreceptors can differentiate between concentrations or pressures of various substances?

A

Peripheral

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24
Q

Name the 2 groups of peripheral chemoreceptors & what nerve innervates them?

A

Carotid bodies innervated by glossopharyngeal (cranial IX) nerve;
Aortic bodies innervated by vagus nerve (cranial X)

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25
Q

A compensatory/synergistic response from peripheral chemoreceptors works during hypoxemia and acidosis

A

Synergistic

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26
Q

Name 2 conditions that have no stimulating effect on ventilation?

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning & anemia

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27
Q

PaCO2 has a direct/indirect effect on chemoreceptor cells?

A

Indirect

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28
Q

The magnitude of the response of H+ is greater in chemical/peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Chemical chemoreceptors

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29
Q

Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors by an increase in H+ causes a decreased/increased RR & increased/decreased tidal volume.

A

caused increased RR

increased tidal volumes

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30
Q

T or F: A decrease in H+ which stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors dramatically decreases RR & Vt

A

False, it has a slight decrease in both

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31
Q

Poorly defined groups of cells located near ventrolateral surface of medulla & in contact with CSF & arterial blood?

A

Central chemoreceptors

32
Q

CSF is considered to be more/less acidic than arterial pH?

A

More with an average of 7.336 pH

33
Q

What is diffusible easily across the blood brain barrier?

A

CO2

34
Q

Changes in arterial PH/PCO2 alter diffusion to the CSF

A

PCO2

35
Q

Increased PCO2 stimulates/inhibits ventilation whereas decreased PCO2 stimulates/inhibits ventilation.

A

Increased stimulates

Decreased inhibits

36
Q

T or F: CO2 content of both venous & arterial blood can influence CSF CO2 levels.

A

True

37
Q

T or F: Chronic increases in PaCO2 rapidly cause an increase in CSF PCO2.

A

False, acute increases of PaCO2 cause increase in CSF PCO2

38
Q

T or F: Alveolar ventilation influence CSF CO2y levels.

A

True

39
Q

T or F: Increased PCO2 in CSF causes the CSF pH to increase.

A

False pH will decrease with an increase in PCO2 in the CSF

40
Q

Chronically elevated PaCO2 results to increased/decreased sensitivity to CO1 changes.

A

Decreased

41
Q

T or F: acute decreases in PaCO2 will cause a rapid decrease in PCO2

A

True

42
Q

Decreases in plasma pH stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors/chemical chemoreceptors

A

Peripheral

43
Q

Peripheral/Chemical chemoreceptors stimulate/inhibit ventilation & central chemoreceptors stimulate/inhibit ventilation

A

Peripheral stimulate

Chemical inhibit

44
Q

Hypoxemia stimulates peripheral/central chemoreceptors

A

Peripheral

45
Q

Most voluntary control of ventilation is initiated via pons/medulla/cerebral cortex.

A

Cerebral Cortex

46
Q

This area of the brain is involved in controlling breathing during emotional behavior?

A

Thalmus

47
Q

Name 3 factors that stimulate ventilation

A 
Hypoxemia
Hypercarbia
Acidosis
Fever, infection, sepsis
Stimulation of J-receptors
Fear, anxiety
48
Q

Name 3 factors that depress ventilation

A

Hypocarbia
Alkalosis
Electrolyte imbalance
Fatigue

49
Q

Breathing pattern which is highly irregular with periods of apnea

A

Biots

50
Q

Breathing pattern that includes increasing & decreasing volumes followed by period of apnea

A

Cheynes-Stokes

51
Q

Pattern of long sustained inspirations & short expiratory times, seen during injury to pons.

A

Apneustic breathing

52
Q

Increased CO2 dilates/constricts cerebral vessels & increases/decreases blood flow

A

Dilates

Increases

53
Q

In COPD this is why chronic hyperventilation does not persist when elevated CO2 is chronic.

A

Kidney compensation & Bicarb returns pH to normal trending acidic but normal so since normal pH it won’t stimulate hyperventilation & receptors

54
Q

Which type of chemoreceptor react 5x more quickly

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

55
Q

Kidneys retain/secrete HCO3 in response to respiratory acidemia

A

Retain

56
Q

Central/Peripheral/both chemoreceptors respond directly to H+

A

Both central & peripheral respond directly to H+

57
Q

This controls the off switch of the DRG inspiratory ramp signal to inhibit inspiration

A

Pneumotaxic center of the brain

58
Q

A weak signal sent by DRG across inspiratory ramps causes longer/shorter insp times & larger/smaller tidal volumes

A

longer inspiratory times & larger Vt

59
Q

This causes prolonged inspiration gasps

A

Apneustic center

60
Q

Activated by a large Vt & is important in exercise

A

Hering Breuer Reflex

61
Q

This reflex causes laryngospasm, bronchospasm, coughing, & bradycardia

A

Vavovagal reflex

62
Q

Receptor that may be responsible for causing the sensation of dyspnea.

A

J-receptors

63
Q

PaO2 can affect peripheral/central chemoreceptors

A

Peripheral

64
Q

PaCO2 most strongly effect peripheral/central chemoreceptors.

A

Central

65
Q

H+ ions & pH stimulates peripheral/central receptors

A

Peripheral

66
Q

What are some peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid & Aortic bodies

67
Q

Decreased CO2 dilates/constricts cerebral vessels

A

Constricts

68
Q

Stops ventilation when impulses are sent across the vagus nerve when Vt is 800 - 1000 ml Vt

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex

69
Q

Respond to increased H+ in CSF, peripheral/central chemoreceptors

A

central

70
Q

Nerve impulses travel along vagus/glossopharyngeal/Phrenic nerve causing action on effectors such as diagphragm & muscles of inspiration.

A

Phrenic

71
Q

These nerves innervate the diaphragm

A

Phrenic

72
Q

What are the 3 basic elements of respiration

A

Central controller: Pons, Medulla Cortex
Input (sensors like chemoreceptors, pulmonary, etc)
Effectors; resp muscles, diaphragm, accessory muscles

73
Q

What controls conscious or voluntary breathing

A

Cerebral Cortex

74
Q

This part of brain responsible for rage or fear

Thalmus/hypothalamus

A

Hypothalmus

75
Q

This part of brain responsible for emotions

thalamus/hypothalamus

A

Thalmus

76
Q

This stimulates central chemoreceptors more quickly: elevated PaCO2 or H+

A

PaCO2

ch-11 quiz 2 ventilation (1 decks)

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