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Exchange Surfaces And Breathing DONE > Ventilation And Gas Exchange In Other Organisms > Flashcards

Ventilation And Gas Exchange In Other Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

why do insects require a different gas exchange system?

A
  • have a tough exoskeleton through which little or no gaseous exchange exchange can take place.
  • do not usually have blood pigments that can transport oxygen.
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2
Q

what are the openings along the thorax and abdomen of most insects called?

A

spiracles

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3
Q

what controls the opening and closing of spiracles?

A

sphincters.

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4
Q

why are spiracles kept closed as much as possible?

A

to minimise water loss.

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5
Q

what are the trachea?

A

the largest tubes of the insect respiratory system, up to 1mm in diameter. they carry air into the body of the insect.

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6
Q

what are the tracheae lined with?

A

spirals of chitin, which keeps the tracheae open if they are bent or pressed.

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7
Q

does much gas exchange happen in the trachea?

A

no.

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8
Q

what are tracheoles?

A

small tubes with a diameter of 0.6-0.8 um. each tracheole is a single, greatly elongated cell with no chitin lining so they are freely permeable to gases.

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9
Q

where does most gas exhange take place in an insect?

A

in the tracheoles spread around individual cells.

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10
Q

why are there lots of tiny tracheoles?

A

it gives a large surface area for gas exchange.

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11
Q

where is tracheal fluid located?

A

towards the end of the tracheoles.

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12
Q

what is the role of tracheal fluid?

A

it limits the penetration of air for diffusion.

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13
Q

what is the gas exchange system in insects called?

A

the tracheal system.

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14
Q

which insects have very high energy demands?

A

beetles, locuss, grasshoppers, bees, wasps, flies.

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15
Q

what alternative methods of increasing the level of gaseous exchange do high energy insects have?

A
  • mechanical ventilation of the tracheal system
  • collapsible enlarged tracheae which act as air reservoirs.
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16
Q

how does mechanical ventilation of the tracheal system increase the level of gas exchange?

A

air is actively pumped into the system by muscular pumping movements of the thorax and/or abdomen. these movements change the volume of the body and this changes the pressure in the tracheae and tracheoles. AIr is drawn into the tracheae and tracheoles, or forced out, as pressure changes.

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17
Q

how do collapsible enlarged tracheae increase the level of gas exchange?

A

they act as air reservoirs and are used to increase the amount of air moved through the gas exchange system. they are usually inflated and deflated by the ventilating movements of the thorax and abdomen.

18
Q

what are the three states of spiracles in discontinuous gas exchange cycles

A
  • closed
  • open
  • fluttering
19
Q

what is buffering?

A

carbon dioxide is diffused into the body fluids of the insect where it is held in a process called buffering.

20
Q

why do spiracles flutter?

A

they flutter (open and close rapidly) to ove fresh air into the tracheae to renew the supply of oxygen, while minimising water loss.

21
Q

what happens when there is lots of carbon dioxide being built up in the body fluids of the insect?

A

the spiracles open widely and carbon dioxide diffuses out rapidly.

22
Q

how much more denser is water than air?

A

1000 times denser.

23
Q

how much more viscious is water compared to air?

A

100 times thicker.

24
Q

does water or air have a higher oxygen content?

A

air

25
Q

why don’t fish have the same gas exchange system as mammals?

A

it would use too much energy to move viscous water in and out of lung-like respiratory organs.

26
Q

what are bony fish?

A

relatively big, active animals that live almost exclusively in water.

27
Q

why do bony fish have high oxgen demand?

A

they are very active.

28
Q

what are the gills?

A

organs of gas exchange in fish.

29
Q

how are gills adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • large surface area
  • good blood supply
  • thin layers needed for successful gas exchange.
30
Q

where are gills stored?

A

they are contained within a gill cavity and covered by a protective operculum.

31
Q

what is the role of the operculum?

A

it is active in maintaining a flow of water over the gills.

32
Q

is gas exchange slower on earth or in water?

A

in water.

33
Q

how do fish keep a current of water flowing over their gills when swimming?

A

simply by opening their mouth and operculum. when fish stop moving, the flow of water stops.

34
Q

what is ram ventilation? (primitive cartlaginous fish)

A

the continual movement to ventilate the gills. they just ram the water past the gills.

35
Q

how do bony fish maintain a flow of water over their gills when not moving?

A
  • mouth opens and the floor of the mouth is lowered, increasing the volume of the bucchal cavity and lowering the pressure, so water moves into the mouth.
  • at the same time, the opercular valve is shut and the opercular cavity containing the gills expands. this lowers the pressure in the opercular cavity containing the gills.
  • the floor of the buccal cavity starts to move up, increasing the pressure there so water moves from the buccal cavity over the gills.
  • the mouth closes, the operculum opens and the sides of the opercular cavity move inwards. all of these actions increase the pressure in the opercular cavity and force water over the gills and out of the operculum. the floor of the buccal cavity is steadily moved up, maintainging a flow of water over the gills.
36
Q

what adaptations do the gills have for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • large surface area
  • rich blood supply (maintain steep concentration gradients)
  • thin layers (short diffusion distance)
  • tips of the adjacent gill fillaments overlap
  • water movign over the gills and the blood in the gill filaments flow in different directions.
37
Q

why do the tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap?

A

it increases the resistance to the flow of water over the gill surfaces and slows down movement of the water. this allows for more time for gaseous exchange.

38
Q

why does the water moving over the gills and the blood in gill filaments flow in different directions?

A

a countercurrent exchange system is set up to ensure that steeper concentration gradients are maintained. this allows for more gas exchange to take place.

39
Q

what percentage of oxygen do bony fish remove from water flowing over them? (countercurrent)

A

80%

40
Q

what percentage of oxygen do cartilageinous fish remove from water flowing over them? (parallel system)

A

50%

41
Q

what tools do you need for a successful dissection?

A
  • sharp scissors
  • scalpels
  • tweezers
  • mounted needles
42
Q

why is pencil used for scientific drawings?

A

it is easier to draw with much more accuracy as you have more control over shading and can draw minute details with a softer stroke.

Exchange Surfaces And Breathing DONE (4 decks)

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