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ventilation > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of tidal volume?

A

Dead Space Volume

Alveolar Volume

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2
Q

What is the formula for tidal volume?

A

VT = VA + VD

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3
Q

What is the formula for minute volume?

A

VE = F x VT

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4
Q

What does VE represent

A

Minute volume exhaled

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5
Q

What is the formula for alveolar minute volume?

A

VA = (VE - VDphy) X F

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6
Q

What is the formula for physiological dead space?

A

VDphy = VDanat = VDalv

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7
Q

What is the formula for physiological dead space that includes mechanical dead space?

A

VDphy = VDanat + VDmech

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8
Q

What formula allows you to compute a percentage of tidal volume due to physiological dead space?

A

VD/VT= PACO2 - PECO2 / PACo2

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9
Q

What is the formula for VD/VT ratio which is clinically used to measure physiological dead space?

A

VD/VT = PACO2 - PECO2/ PaCO2 x (VT)

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10
Q

What breathing pattern provides the most alveolar ventilation?

A

Slow, deep breaths

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11
Q

What breathing pattern results in the least efficient alveolar ventilation?

A

High respiratory rates, low tidal volumes

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12
Q

What breathing pattern must be used to compensate when physiological dead space occurs?

A

Larger tidal volumes

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13
Q

What happens if a person is unable to compensate for an increase in physiological dead space?

A

CO2 will be retained & value will begin increasing, alveolar ventilation will decrease
respiratory acidosis will result

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14
Q

What is the relationship between alveolar ventilation & PaCO2?

A

there is an inverse relationship

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15
Q

What is the formula used to find this relationship?

A

PaCO2 = VCO2 x .863 / VA

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16
Q

A person’s anatomical dead space is equal to ____ mL per pound?

A

1 ml per pound

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17
Q

1 kg = _____ lbs

A

2.2 lbs

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18
Q

A patient is breathing a tidal volume of 600 mL and a RR of 12/min. What is the alveolar minute volume if the patient weighs 150 lbs?

A

5400 mL or 5.4 L

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19
Q

A patient has an expired tidal volume of 600 mL. If the patient’s weight is 120 lbs what is the estimated alveolar tidal volume?

A

480 mL

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20
Q

Given: VT = 780 mL; VD = 160 mL; RR 14 min; Calculate the VE & VA

A 
VE = 10.9 L
VA = 8.7 L
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21
Q

A patient weighs 130 pounds and has a VT of 610 mL and a RR of 16 min. What is the estimated dead space volume (VD). What is the calculated alveolar minute volume?

A

VD = 130 ml

VA 9.76 L

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22
Q

Given the following: VT = 800 mL; VD = 200 mL, RR = 10 min; What is the minute volume (VE)

A

8 L

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23
Q

How do you calculate ideal body weight for males & females:
Male = ?
Female = ?

A 
Male = 106 + (6 x # of inches over 60")
Female = 105 + (5 x # of inches over 60")
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24
Q

What is a normal tidal volume in a health patient?

A

500 ml

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25
Q

What is a normal minute volume?

A

6000 ml

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26
Q

What is a normal physiological dead space?

A

150 ml

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27
Q

What is a normal alveolar ventilation?

A

4200 ml

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28
Q

When you increase your tidal volume to compensate for increased dead space what happens to your minute volume (VE) and alveolar volume (VA)?

A

VE will increase

VA remains the same

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29
Q

If you increase your rate of breathing to 24 breaths a minute what happens to tidal volume? minute volume? & alveolar ventilation?

A

Tidal volume will decrease
minute volume stays the same
Alveolar ventilation will decrease

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30
Q

If you have an increased dead space with a normal tidal volume what happens to your minute ventilation & alveolar ventilation?

A

VE is unchanged

VA will decrease

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31
Q

If you decrease your rate of breathing with no change to your dead space what happens to tidal volume, minute volume & alveolar ventilation?

A

Tidal volume will increase
Minute volume stays the same
Alveolar ventilation increases

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32
Q

What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation?

A

Alveolar Ventilation = VT - VD

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33
Q

T or F: Alveolar dead space is perfused but does not participate in gas exchange

A

True

34
Q

In a diseased condition such as pulmonary embolism what happens to the VD/VT ratio?

A

It will increase

35
Q

What is the ratio of PACO2 to alveolar ventilation?

A

Inversely related

36
Q

If your alveolar ventilation is reduced by half what happens to the PACO2?

A

It will double

37
Q

T or F: A patient cannot be tachypneic & hypoventilating at same time

A

False; a patient can be tachypneic & hypoventilating at same time

38
Q

Where does the anatomical dead space occur?

A

In the conducting airways

39
Q

What 3 things result from compensation for increased physiological dead space?

A

Increased tidal volume
increased elastic work of breathing
increased O2 consumption

40
Q

What gauge needle is used for ABG blood draw in an adult patient?

A

20 - 23 gauge needle

41
Q

What gauge needle would you use for a pediatric patient?

A

25 gauge needle

42
Q

In terms of gauge size what is a very small diameter needle?

A

25 gauge

43
Q

What would a large diameter needle size be?

A

20 gauge

44
Q

Which type of needle produces better results on an ABG, glass or plastic?

A

neither

45
Q

Why would you immerse a sample in ice?

A

if you were unable to test the sample at the bedside

46
Q

Why is a blood sample iced?

A

It will slow the metabolism of WBC & RBC making the results more accurate

47
Q

What types of diseases should you be concerned with when taking an ABG sample?

A

thrombocytopenia, DIC (desiminated intravascular coagulation), Raynaulds disease, hemophilia

48
Q

Name 4 sites that can be used for arterial blood draws?

A

Radial, brachial, dorsalis pedis, femoral

49
Q

What is the preferred site for ABG draws?

A

Radial

50
Q

What is the 2nd choice for ABG draw?

A

Brachial

51
Q

This site might be used if you have a burn trauma victim because no other site available?

A

Dorsalis pedis

52
Q

What is the risk of using the Femoral artery?

A

no collateral circulation, patient could loose leg if a clot would result

53
Q

What is the purpose of the modified allens test?

A

to determine collateral circulation

54
Q

What does a positive modified allens test mean?

A

That you have sufficient circulation from the ulnar artery

55
Q

What does a negative allens test mean?

A

That the circulation is poor & you must notify the doctor

56
Q

When you puncture the artery the Bevel should be pointing in what direction?

A

Bevel should be up at 45 degree angle

57
Q

What should you do when you see a flash?

A

Do not move, stop advancing, the syringe will fill by pressure gradient

58
Q

The rate in which the syringe will fill is dependent on what?

A

patients blood pressure

59
Q

What color should the blood appear if it is oxygenated?

A

Bright red

60
Q

What does dark red blood mean?

A

It could be deoxygenated, it could be venous blood or it could mean the patient is hypoxic

61
Q

If you puncture a site & you have no blood pressure & the syringe plunger is barely moving what does this mean?

A

That you may have hit a vein instead of artery

62
Q

When you advance or move a needle is it ok to change the angle if the artery is rolling?

A

No, you never change angles in a patients arm

63
Q

How many times can the needle be moved & in what direction?

A

Twice, in the lateral or medial direction

64
Q

What does it mean if you see your flash & then it stops?

A

Either you passed through the artery or you are in the wall; or you hit a vein

65
Q

How much blood is normally obtained with an ABG?

A

1-2 cc

66
Q

How long should you apply pressure in a normal patient?

A

Up to 5 min

67
Q

If a patient is taking Coumadin, or heparin what would you need to do?

A

Apply pressure up to 15 minutes or until bleeding stops

68
Q

T or False; You never recap a needle.

A

True

69
Q

RBC consumption of O2: 100 mL of blood will consume .1 ml of O2 every ______ min at body temp

A

10 minutes

70
Q

The temperature of the ice bath is approx.?

A

4 degrees C

71
Q

After you withdraw blood there are two other things you must do to ensure an accurate result?

A

Remove excess heparin

Expel air bubbles

72
Q

T or F Once you have gathered your blood sample you would cover with a band aid?

A

False

73
Q

What are some hazards to arterial blood draws?

A 
Hematoma
Arterial occlusion
Arteriospasm
Infection
Trauma to artery
Vasovagal response
Pain
Can hit radial nerve/nerve damage
74
Q

What should you do if the patient has a renal dialysis shunt?

A

Use the other arm

75
Q

If the patient has had a mastectomy how will that affect your ABG?

A

You would use the other side

76
Q

Rank the sites based on safety to patients:

A

1 Radial
2 Brachial
3 Dorsalis Pedis
4 Femoral

77
Q

What must be recorded with an ABG sample?

A

Temperature

78
Q

What should be recorded at time of ABG sample?

A

Temperature
FIO2
Respiratory Rate
O2 device

79
Q

What will an air bubble do to your results

A

Air bubbles will change your result; mechanism is the diffusion gradient

80
Q

If you increase your tidal volume will this decrese your anatomical dead space?

A

No, your anatomical dead space is a fixed quantity

81
Q

This is a disease which causes lungs to become stiff and hard to stretch which limits tidal volume & causes a dimished pulmonary reserve

A

Fibrosis

82
Q

With a disease such as emphysema why would you see a patient with elevated Co2 levels?

A

they slow down their metabolic needs; they have alveolar dead space & anatomic dead space; wasting O2 gets low O2 blood levels & increasing CO2

ventilation (1 decks)

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