Venous & Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Superior Vena Cava called in cats?
A
PRECAVA
The term ‘PRECAVA’ is specific to feline anatomy.
2
Q
How many branches does the Superior Vena Cava have?
A
4 branches
The branches include the azygous vein, internal mammary vein, right vertebral vein, and right/left brachiocephalic veins.
3
Q
What is the first branch of the Superior Vena Cava?
A
AZYGOUS VEIN
It enters from the right, just before the SVC enters the right atrium and drains the thoracic region.
4
Q
What does the Internal Mammary Vein do?
A
Enters from ventral as one, but becomes two
This vein branches into two as it enters the SVC.
5
Q
Where does the Right Vertebral Vein enter the Superior Vena Cava?
A
From the right, just superior to the internal mammary
It comes from deep and may enter the right brachiocephalic vein in some cats.
6
Q
What happens when the Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins join?
A
They become the Superior Vena Cava
This junction is often referred to as the ‘fork in the road’.
7
Q
Brachiocephalic veins
A
- Right Brachiocephalic Vein (2 Branches, sometimes 3)
-Right External Jugular Veins (Towards head)
-Right Subclavian Vein (Towards forelimbs) - Left Brachiocephalic Vein (3 Branches)
-Left Vertebral Vein
-Left External Jugular Vein
-Left Subclavian Vein
8
Q
SUBCLAVIAN VEINS : 2 Branches:
A
9
Q
- SUB SCAPULAR (R&L)- enters subclavian vein before it becomes the axillary vein.
A
10
Q
-Axillary Vein: becomes BRACHIAL VEIN (R&L) as it enters the forelimb.
A
11
Q
-Ventral Thoracic (R&L) Vein: enters the axillary vein (BRANCH OF THE AXILLARY)
A
12
Q
What are the branches that enter the External Jugular Vein?
A
- Internal Jugular (R&L): passes medial, difficult to see.
- Transverse Scapula (R&L): Enters external Jugular at shoulder, passes lateral.
- Posterior Facial (R&L): Enters external just inferior to Transverse Jugular, passes to back of head.
- Transverse Jugular Vein: Joins the Right and Left external jugular veins.
- Anterior Facial (R&L): Continuation of the External Jugular.
13
Q
What is the path of the Internal Jugular vein?
A
Passes medial, difficult to see.
14
Q
Where does the Transverse Scapula vein enter the External Jugular?
A
At the shoulder, passes lateral.
15
Q
Where does the Posterior Facial vein enter the External Jugular?
A
Just inferior to Transverse Jugular, passes to back of head.
16
Q
What does the Transverse Jugular Vein do?
A
Joins the Right and Left external jugular veins.
17
Q
What is the Anterior Facial vein?
A
Continuation of the External Jugular.
18
Q
What is the main vein of the lower body in cats?
A
Inferior Vena Cava (POSTCAVA)
It has 4 branches.
19
Q
What are the branches of the Inferior Vena Cava?
A
- ADRENOLUMBAR VEINS (R&L)
- RENAL VEINS (R&L)
- GENITAL VEINS (R&L)
- ILIOLUMBAR VEINS (R&L)
Right kidney may have more than one renal vein.
20
Q
What do the Genital Veins in cats refer to?
A
Spermatic in males and Ovarian in females.
They are branches of the Inferior Vena Cava.
21
Q
How do the left and right renal veins connect to the Inferior Vena Cava?
A
Left enters the left renal vein; right enters the Inferior Vena Cava directly.
22
Q
What are the COMMON ILIAC VEINS?
A
Two branches that are a continuation of the IVC.
23
Q
What do COMMON ILIAC VEINS become after branching?
A
They become the EXTERNAL ILIAC (R&L) VEINS after INTERNAL ILIAC VEINS branch off.
24
Q
What enters just before the External Iliac Vein leaves the Abdominopelvic cavity?
A
The DEEP FEMORAL (R&L) VEIN.
25
What do the External Iliac Veins become after leaving the Abdominopelvic cavity?
They become the FEMORAL (R&L) VEIN.
26
What are the three branches at the knee?
1. SAPHENOUS VEIN (R&L)
2. SUPERIOR GENICULATE VEIN (R&L)
3. POPLITEAL VEIN (R&L)
## Footnote
Mnemonic: “SAP-SUP-POP”
27
What is the first branch at the knee?
SAPHENOUS VEIN (R&L)
28
What is the second branch at the knee?
SUPERIOR GENICULATE VEIN (R&L)
29
What is the third branch at the knee?
POPITEAL VEIN (R&L)
30
What is the primary function of the respiratory system in humans?
Supply oxygen required by cells and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of our cells.
31
What are alveoli?
Microscopic sacs within the lungs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries where O2 and CO2 diffusion transfer is accomplished.
32
What is inspiration?
The process of bringing in oxygen-rich air, accomplished by contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.
33
How does the diaphragm contribute to inspiration?
The diaphragm moves inferiorly, and the chest wall moves outward, causing an increase in volume of the thoracic cavity.
34
What happens to thoracic cavity pressure during inspiration?
The increased volume creates a decrease in thoracic cavity pressure (intrathoracic pressure).
35
What occurs to intrapulmonary and intralveolar pressure during inspiration?
Lungs expand causing a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure; alveoli expand causing a decrease in intralveolar pressure.
36
What is the result of decreased intralveolar pressure?
Intralveolar pressure becomes below atmospheric pressure, allowing oxygen-rich air to flow in.
37
What is the process of expiration?
The process of expelling CO2-rich air from the lungs, accomplished by relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
38
What is the larynx?
The larynx is a structure that superiorly attaches to the hyoid bone and opens to the pharynx, while inferiorly opening to the trachea.
39
How many cartilages make up the larynx?
There are nine cartilages arranged in a box-like structure, all of which are hyaline cartilage except for one, the epiglottis, which is elastic cartilage.
40
What connects the laryngeal cartilages?
The cartilages are connected to one another and surrounding structures by muscles and ligaments.
41
What is the thyroid cartilage?
The thyroid cartilage is one of the unpaired cartilages, formed by cartilaginous plates fused in the front, creating the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).
## Footnote
The superior border attaches to the hyoid bone via the thyrohyoid ligament and opens to the pharynx.
42
What is the cricoid cartilage?
The cricoid cartilage is a ring-shaped cartilage that is superiorly attached to the thyroid cartilage and inferiorly anchored to the trachea.
43
What is the function of the epiglottis?
The epiglottis is attached to the anterior surface of the hyoid bone and folds back over the glottis during swallowing to prevent food and water from entering the larynx.
44
How many arytenoid cartilages are there?
There are two arytenoid cartilages.
45
How many corniculate cartilages are there?
There are two corniculate cartilages.
46
How many cuneiform cartilages are there?
There are two cuneiform cartilages.
47
What are the primary muscles in respiratory contraction?
Diaphragm & External Intercostal Muscle
48
What lines the inner larynx?
The inner larynx is lined with mucous membrane.
49
What are the two pairs of horizontal folds in the larynx called?
The two pairs of horizontal folds are called Vocal Folds.
50
What supports the Vocal Folds?
The Vocal Folds are supported by ligamentous bands called the True Vocal Cords and the Vestibular/False Vocal Cords.
51
What are the superior folds in the larynx?
The superior folds are the Vestibular Cords (False Vocal Cords).
52
What are the inferior folds in the larynx?
The inferior folds are the True Vocal Cords.
53
What is the function of the True Vocal Cords?
The True Vocal Cords produce sound.
54
Where do the True Vocal Cords stretch from and to?
The True Vocal Cords stretch from the Arytenoid to the Thyroid.
55
How is the tension of the True Vocal Cords controlled?
The tension of the True Vocal Cords is controlled by the contraction and relaxation of the Arytenoid Muscle.
56
What happens to the pitch when tension increases?
The more tension, the higher the pitch.
57
What is produced by the True Vocal Cords?
The True Vocal Cords produce a crude sound.
58
What refines the crude sound produced by the True Vocal Cords?
The crude sound is further refined and formed into words by the actions of the Pharynx, Lips, Oral Cavity, and Tongue (PLOT).
59
What makes a CRUDE SOUND? True or False
True:
Pharynx, Lips, Oral Cavity, Tongue (PLOT) and True Cords
60
What are vestibular (false) vocal cords?
They are structures that do not produce sounds and help close off the larynx during swallowing.
61
What happens to the vestibular folds during normal breathing?
They are relaxed, and the opening called the glottis appears as a triangular slit.
62
What occurs when swallowing in relation to the glottis?
Muscles contract and close off the glottis.
63
Do vestibular folds make noise?
No, they do not make noise; they only help close the epiglottis.
64
How many lobes does the R Lung have ?
3 lobes
65
How many lobes does the L Lung have ?
2 lobes
66
What is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
Alveoli
67
What has pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Everything else except alveoli
68
What has pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Everything else except alveoli
69
What do secondary (lobar) bronchi lead to?
They lead to each lobe of the lung.
70
What are the names of the secondary bronchi in the right lung?
Right Superior, Right Middle, and Right Inferior.
71
What are the names of the secondary bronchi in the left lung?
Left Superior and Left Inferior.
72
What type of epithelium lines the secondary bronchi?
They are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
73
What do secondary (lobar) bronchi lead to?
They lead to each lobe of the lung.
74
How many lobes does the right lung have?
The right lung has three lobes.
75
How many lobes does the left lung have?
The left lung has two lobes.
76
What is the function of the trachea?
The trachea is a passageway for air to the primary bronchi.
## Footnote
It has C-shaped cartilaginous rings (tracheal cartilage) with an opening posterior to prevent collapse.
77
What is the significance of the openings at the posterior of the trachea?
The openings at the posterior allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing.
78
What is the carina?
The carina is the point where the trachea divides into the right and left bronchi.
79
What are primary bronchi?
Primary bronchi are the passages from the trachea to the secondary bronchi.
## Footnote
They also contain C-shaped cartilage and are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
80
What do spirometers measure?
Spirometers determine volumes of air that move in and out of the lungs.
81
What is Tidal Volume?
The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle (quiet breathing). Normal = 500ml.
82
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Amount of air one can exhale beyond the tidal volume.
## Footnote
Normal for females = 700ml, Normal for males = 1,200ml.
83
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
Largest amount of air an individual can move in or out of the lungs in one respiratory cycle.
## Footnote
Normal for females = 3,100ml, Normal for males = 4,800ml.
84
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume. Can NOT be measured directly. It is calculated with the formula: VC = IRV + ERV + TV or IRV = VC - (ERV + TV).
## Footnote
Normal for females = 1,900ml, Normal for males = 3,100ml.
85
Which three can you use for spirometry?
Tidal Wave (TV), ERV, & VC
86
What’s one you can’t use for spirometry?
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)
87
Which two structures serve to close off the larynx and prevent food and/or water from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?
Epiglottis and vestibular (false) vocal cords
88
What muscles are involved with normal inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
89
What part of the respiratory tract lies immediately above the larynx?
Pharynx
90
What part of the respiratory tract lies immediately below the larynx?
Trachea
91
What part of the respiratory tract immediately follows the lobar (secondary) bronchi?
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
92
What happens to the intrathoracic pressure and intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration?
Decreases
93
What vocal cords are involved with producing sound?
True vocal cords
94
Where does respiratory gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
95
In the following what respiratory volumes are being measured? Person inhales normally, exhales normally, then puts spirometer to mouth and forcibly exhales as much air as possible. Result 1,000ml.
ERV = Expiratory reserve volume
96
In the following what respiratory volumes are being measured? Person inhales normally, puts spirometer in mouth, then exhales as much as possible, Result 1,400ml.
ERV + TV (Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume)
97
What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
VC = 3,000ml
## Footnote
Person inhales as much as possible, then puts spirometer in mouth and exhales as much as possible.
98
What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
TV = 400ml
## Footnote
Person inhales normally, then puts spirometer in mouth and exhales normally.
99
How do you calculate Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
IRV = 1,600ml
## Footnote
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) = VC - (ERV + TV) = 3,000ml - (1,000ml + 400ml)
100
What goes into the left Renal Gland?
The Left Genital ?
101
What goes into the left Renal Gland?
The Left Genital ?
102
Which branches are the External Jugular ?
Internal Jugular, Transverse Scapula, Posterior Facia (R/L), Transverse Jugular Vein, Anterior Fascial (R/L) ?
103
Which structure goes into the crude sound ?
PLOT AND TRUE VOCAL CORDS
104
Which structure helps close off the Larnyx?
Epiglottis and Vestibular Folds
105
Which branches are in the Right Brachiocephalic in cats?
(2) Right External Jugular Vein & Right Subclavian
106
What branches are in the Left Brachiocephalic in cats?
(3) Left Vertebral Vein, Left External Jugular Vein, Left Subclavian Vein
107
Where’s does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
108
What pairs are unpaired cartilage ?
(3) Thyoid, Corcoid, & Epigottis
