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Physiology 2 > Venous and lymphatic systems > Flashcards

Venous and lymphatic systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functions of veins?

A
  1. Transport of blood back to the heart

2. Store blood and mobilise when required

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2
Q

What site are arterioles ?

A

The principle site of resistance to blood flow within the vascular tree

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3
Q

Velocity of flow is _______ proportional to the total ________ _________ area

A

Inversely

Cross-sectional

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4
Q

What is venous return?

A

The volume of blood returning to heart from systemic veins

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5
Q

How is venous return determined ?

A
  1. Pressure gradient

2. Venous resistance

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6
Q

What is the average pressure of the venous system and the right atrial pressure ?

A

Pressure system - 18mmHg

Right atrial pressure - 0mmHg

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7
Q

How do other factors promote venous return?

A

Increase the pressure gradient

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8
Q

What are the factors that facilitate venous return?

A 
Venous valves 
Cardiac suction effect 
Pressure of blood due to cardiac contraction 
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory muscle pump 
Increase in blood volume 
Increase in venous tone
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9
Q

What is the cardiac suction effect ?

A

Pressure in the heart decreases and therefore increases the pressure gradient

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10
Q

What does Venus tone refer to?

A

The degree of contraction of smooth muscle within the veins

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11
Q

What are the factors that increase venous tone?

A
  1. Sympathetic stimulation
  2. Activated venous stretch receptors
  3. Hormones (catacolamines)
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12
Q

And increase venous return will cause an increase in the ________________, _____________ and _____________.

A

End-diastolic volume
Stroke volume
Cardiac output (should equal the venous return)

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13
Q

What is venous compliance ?

A

The rate of change in volume (V) with changing pressure (P)

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14
Q

How can venous compliance be calculated ?

A

Change in volume / change in pressure

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15
Q

Does arteries or veins have a higher vascular compliance?

A

Veins

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16
Q

Why can veins be used as an arterial bypass grafts?

A

At high pressures, the compliance of veins and arteries are the same and if you take a segment of vein and remove the valves you can use this as a bypass as arteries are always under high amounts of pressure.

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17
Q

How much of the TBV is present in the systemic venous system at rest?

A

64%

18
Q

What senses a drop in central blood volume due to haemorrhage?

A

Atrial volume receptors

19
Q

What are the 4 large sites of venous blood?

A

The spleen
The liver
Large abdominal veins
Venous plexus

20
Q

What are the 2 components of venous pressure?

A
  1. Pressure generated by heart

2. Hydrostatic pressure

21
Q

Why are the veins above the heart collapsed?

A

The pressure in the veins are less than atmospheric pressure (negative hydrostatic pressure)

22
Q

What causes hydrostatic pressure ?

A

Gravity

23
Q

What is central venous pressure ?

A

Pressure in the thoracic vena cava near right atrium

24
Q

What does central venous pressure depend on ?

A

1) Venous return

2) Right ventricular function

25
Q

What is normal right atrial pressure ?

A

0-5mmHg

26
Q

What are varicose veins caused by?

A

Valve incompetence or venous obstruction

27
Q

How do you treat varicose veins?

A

You can have the varicose veins removed

28
Q

Name the lymphoid tissues in the body.

A 
Tonsils 
Thymus 
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels 
Liver
Spleen
Peyer’s patch 
Appendix 
Bone marrow
29
Q

What is the function of lymphatic nodules?

A

Filter and attack antigens

30
Q

What are the functions of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)?

A

Filter and attack antigens in air, food or urine

31
Q

What are the functions of tonsils in the lymphatic system ?

A

Protect against inhaled and ingested materials

32
Q

What are the functions of the thymus in the lymphatic system ?

A

Site of T-lymphocytes maturation and differentiation; stores maturing lymphocytes

33
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system ?

A

Filter lymph; mount immune response

34
Q

What are the functions of the spleen in the lymphatic system ?

A

Filters blood and recycles aged RBCs and platelets; serves as a blood reservoir; houses lymphocytes; mounts immune response to foreign antigens in the blood.

35
Q

What is lymph?

A

Clear, yellowish fluid containing WBCs, proteins and fats

36
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the lymphatic system ?

A
  1. Fat absorption
  2. Defence against disease
  3. Fluid balance
37
Q

How many litres enter lymph everyday?

A

3L/day

38
Q

What drains lymph from the right side of the body?

A

Right lymphatic duct

39
Q

The thoracic duct drains the fluid from___________

A

The rest of the body (LHS)

40
Q

Why do lymphatic vessels have valves?

A

Prevent the back flow of lymph

41
Q

How is lymph returned to the right side of the heart ?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction and also pulsation

42
Q

How does a cancer metastasise?

A

The cancer cells travel in the lymphatic tissue from the primary cancer or in the blood.

Physiology 2 (11 decks)

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