Venn diagrams Flashcards
What is a syllogism?
A syllogism is an argument with 2 premises and a conclusion
What is a categorical proposition?
A categorical proposition is a proposition that asserts or denies all or some of the members of one category belong to another
What is a categorical syllogism?
A categorical syllogism is a syllogism where the premises and conclusion are categorical propositions
What is a quantifier?
A quantifier is the term that describes how many of something (e.g. ALL cats)
What is a minor term?
A minor term is the term that occurs first in the conclusion
What is a major term?
A major term is the term that occurs second in the conclusion
What is a predicate term?
A perdicate term is the term that occurs second in the conclusion
What is a subject term?
A subject term is the term that occurs first in the conclusion
What is a middle term?
A middle term is the term that appears in both premises, but not in the conclusion
What are the 4 forms in a categorical syllogism?
A, E, I, O
What does the form A mean?
All S are P
What does the form E mean?
No S are P
What does the form I mean?
Some S are P
What does the from O mean?
Some S are not P
When making a Venn diagram, which circle represents the major term?
Bottom right
When making a Venn diagram, which circle represents the minor term?
Bottom left
When making a Venn diagram, which circle represents the middle term?
Top
Which sections of a Venn diagram are shaded for the mood AII?
Sections 1 and 2 shaded, x in section 3
What does an x in a Venn diagram mean?
Some
How can you tell an argument is valid using a Venn diagram?
If the shaded diagram correctly represents the premises and conclusion
What is an informal fallacy?
An informal fallacy is a logical mistake that cannot be shown to be invalid using a Venn diagram or truth table
What is an abusive ad hominem?
An insult in place of a proposition (e.g. your opinion doesn’t matter because you suck)
What is a circumstantial ad hominem?
Assuming that someone’s views are a function of their position (e.g. CEO says the company needs to raise their prices, but of course he would say that)
What is a tu quoque?
Pointing out that a critic does exactly what they are criticizing you for (e.g. you say we should study hard, but you don’t study hard)
What is an appeal to force?
A threat instead of evidence (e.g. nice business, it would be a shame if something happened to it. We sell insurance”
What is an appeal to pity?
Arguing that we should do or believe something just because someone will be unhappy otherwise (e.g. We should hire them because they really need the money)
What is an appeal to populatiry?
Saying we should do or believe something because lots of others do (e.g. It’s the most popular religion, so it must be true)
What is an accident?
Taking a widespread truth too far (e.g. turkeys are birds, so who would’ve thought they can’t fly)
What is a hasty generalization?
Making a statistical generalization without using a representative sample (e.g. My friend doesnt like politician X so everyone must hate them)
