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Disease Ecology > Vector Borne Disease > Flashcards

Vector Borne Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are vectors (in terms of disease)?

A

Anything that carries a pathogen from host to host

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2
Q

What phylum of organisms make up a large proportion of vectors?

A

Arthropods

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3
Q

What spreads malaria and how?

A

Pregnant female mosquitos
She bites a host for blood (blood provides nutrients to her babies) while she has contaminated salivary glands carrying the malaria parasite. She uses salvia to prevent the blood from clotting

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4
Q

Malaria has R0 value can range from <1 to over 1000, how it can it be so high

A

Transmission in regions with high proportions of mosquitos is super high due to frequent contact with mosquitos and recovery rate is super low as resistance takes years to develop, allowing for the presence of malaria
Thus since beta is frequency-dependent here → R0=Beta/Gamma
With high beta and low gamma, you get high R0

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5
Q

Malaria life cycle

A
  1. Malaria parasite inside the saliva of a mosquito
  2. Gets injected into the bloodstream of human where it goes to liver cells
  3. Divides and amplify in liver cells –> schizonts
  4. Schizonts move into blood and eat blood cells –> causes anemia
  5. Blood cells can burst & release more parasites
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6
Q

True or false: Sickle cells are resistant to malaria

A

True

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7
Q

Which is the most serious malaria parasite

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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8
Q

What kind of mosquitos spread malaria

A

-Anopheles
-Pregnant females

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9
Q

Which mosquito is in anthropophilic (attracted to humans)

A

Anopholes gambiae

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10
Q

Which mosquito lives well in urban environments

A

Anopheles stephensi

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11
Q

What organelles are used to be photosynthetic

A

Apicocomplexan/apicoplast

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12
Q

True or false: Malaria is like red algae

A

True

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13
Q

How do you estimate R0 for vector-borne pathogens?

A

You multiply the R0 of both pathways together to get the total R0.
eg.) R0(human to mosquito) * R0 (mosquito to human) = R0total

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14
Q

What is one of the best human mosquito vectors? Why is it that?

A

Aedes aegypti, it is all over the world as it is an aggressive invasive species in urban areas that specialize on human hosts

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15
Q

What is vector competence?

A

Susceptibility of a vector to a given pathogen (Ch)

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16
Q

What is vectorial capacity?

A

The expected number of infective mosquito bites that would eventually arise from all the mosquitos that would bite a single fully infectious person on a single day

17
Q

What is the main vector that causes yellow fever and dengue?

A

Aedes aegypti

18
Q

It is not as bad to get dengue once and recover, but it is not great to get it a second time… why?

A

Antibody dependent enhancement
-there are 4 types of different dengue

19
Q

True or false ticks are parasites

A

True

20
Q

What are hard bodied ticks called

A

Ixodidae

21
Q

What are soft bodied ticks called

A

Argasidae

22
Q

Ticks are vectors to what kind of disease

A
  1. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
  2. Rickettsia
  3. Lyme Disease
23
Q

What are Wilbachia symbionts

A

-Can change gametes in host to favor transmission
-Protect insects from viruses
-could help stop virus transmission through vectors

24
Q

What is an important member of the Rickettsiales group?

A

Mitochondria
-came from Rickettsia bacteria

25
Q

What makes it less worrying for disease transmission through ticks

A

Ticks only contact one host in their lifetime

26
Q

What is one exception that could make disease transmission through ticks a problem?

A

Vertical transmission
-ticks live long and can transmit to multiple hosts

27
Q

What kind of tick spreads lyme disease

A

Ixodes scapularis
-The deer tick

28
Q

True or false: Larvae of ticks that cause lyme disease are infected

A

False
-Larvae are uninfected
-No vertical transmission for lyme disease

29
Q

At what stage for ticks do they do the most transmission for lyme disease

A

Nymphs

30
Q

What are ticks preferred habitat

A

Wildland-urban interface
-need nature

31
Q

For larval ticks they infect most species the same

A

False
-Variation in infectiousness between species –> reservoir competence

32
Q

What is the dilution effect?

A

Pathogen gets diluted w/ less competent hosts

33
Q

What does it mean to clean ticks and what can do it

A

-Clean means to jill the tick
-Lizards can do this, due to protein in the blood that kills the bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi)

34
Q

Which stage of the tick would cleaning affect?

A

Nymph

35
Q

What is sleeping sickness caused by?

A

Trypanosomes carried by tsetse flies

Disease Ecology (7 decks)

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