VDEM HM GUIDE

Question 1

HMT shall demonstrate the following competencies

Answer 1

Understand the rules and responsibilities of the HMT when responding to and operating at an incident involving hazardous material/WMD.

Understand the various terms and definitions used by the government agencies to verify and describe hazardous materials.

Understand state, and federal laws and regulations as they apply to emergency operations and the Internet involving hazardous materials/WMD.

Question 2

Hazmat response, pyramid

Answer 2

At the top of the pyramid,
1.you have hazmat incident commander.
2.Hazmat branch management.
3.Hazmat safety officer.

Question 3

Tier 2 of the hazmat response model

Answer 3

Hazmat specialist
Hazmat technician - they take offensive tactics to stop or clean up the product, fix the container, and or protect the environment

Question 4

Tier 3 the bottom of the hazmat response model includes

Answer 4

I HazMat operations and HazMat awareness they take defensive tactics to isolate/evacuate And control product movement

Question 5

Three major objectives to meet the goals of a hazardous material technician

Answer 5

(Analyze-) a hazardous materials incident, to determine the magnitude of the problem in terms of outcomes

(Plan-) a response within the capabilities of available, PPE, and Control equipment

(Implement-)the planned response to favorably change the outcomes, consistent with the organization, standard operating procedures, and or a site safety plan

Question 6

Resource conservation and recovery act of 1976 RCRA

Answer 6

RCRA establish the federal effort in regulating, solid and hazardous waste management

Question 7

Comprehensive, environmental response, compensation, and liability act of 1980(CERCLA)

Answer 7

CERCLA established, super fund hazardous substance cleanup program

Question 8

Super fund amendments and reauthorization act of 1986 (SARA)

Answer 8

Requires OSHA to establish health and safety standards for workers who handle and respond to chemical emergencies

Question 9

Hazardous materials as found in 49 CFR

United States, Department of transportation, DOT

Answer 9

Any, substance or material, which has been determined by the secretary of transportation, to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property, when transported in commerce, and which has so been designated.

Question 10

Hazardous substances is found in 29 CFR

OSHA

Answer 10

Any substance designated or listed under paragraph eight through the of the definition exposure to which results may result in adverse effects on the health or safety of employees

Question 11

Hazardous substances, CFR 40

Answer 11

Any substance listed in 40 CFR table 302. For that, when released into environment above a certain amount, must be reported and, depending upon the threat to environment, federal involvement may be authorized.

Question 12

Extremely hazardous substance US EPA

Answer 12

A term used to describe sus substance is listed in 40 CFR, part 355, appendixes, A and B. These chemicals may be subject to emergency planning, and, in the event of a release emergency notification.

Question 13

Hazardous waste, US EPA

Answer 13

A term for chemicals that are regulated under the resource, conservation and recovery act, RCRA 40 CFR, part 261. 33 cradle to grave law,

hazardous waste and transport are regulated by DOT 49 CFR parts 170- 179

Question 14

Toxic chemicals

Answer 14

APA term for chemicals his total omission must be reported annually

Question 15

Highly hazardous chemicals

Answer 15

OSHA time for materials covered under 29, CFR 1910.119

Process safety management

Question 16

Dangerous goods

Answer 16

Term used by transport Canada and the NFPA

Question 17

Weapons of mass destruction, WMD

Answer 17

Any destructive device is defined by section 921 of this title includes explosives, incendiaries and projectiles. Any weapon design intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, and or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors.

Any weapon involving biological agent, tocsin or vector.

Any weapon that is designed to release, radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life

Question 18

Code of Virginia, 44–146. 34 of the Virginia code.

Answer 18

Hazardous materials means, substances or materials, which may pose unreasonable risk to health, safety, property, or the environment, when used, transported, stored, or disposed of, which may include materials, which are solid, liquid, or gas.

Hazardous materials may include the toxic substances, flammable and ignitable materials, explosives, corrosive, materials, and radioactive materials.

Question 19

Weapon of terrorism, Virginia code title, 18.2–46.4.

Answer 19

Any device or material that is designed, intended, or used to cause death, bodily injury, or series, bodily harm, through the release, dissemination, or impact of poisonous chemicals; infections, biological substance; or release of radiation or radioactivity.

Question 20

The HMT shall demonstrate the following safety competencies

Answer 20

No, the basic safety procedures for handling emergency response to a HazMat and WMD incident.

Know the components of hazmat incident, tactical and safety plan and explain what information is included needs component. .

Identify and describe the functional positions and hazmat branch group within the ICS.

Question 21

Standard safety practices on hazmat events per VDEM

Answer 21

Follow SOP‘s. Receiving understand site safety and tactical briefing. Limit exposure to all hazards time distance and shielding.

Maintain communications.
Identify and properly wear appropriate PPE.
Always work with the buddy system.
Always have a back up crew prepared by and standing to assist entry personnel.
Establish and practice strict decontamination procedures.

Question 22

Safety practices for all VDEM HAZARDOUS MATERIAL TRAINING, PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES

Answer 22

Attending understand safety briefing.

Follow all instructor and safety officer directions .

Utilize the required safety equipment as identified and safety briefing

Stay with your assigned group or partner

Immediately report all injuries or problems to your instructor or safety officer

In the event of an emergency during class, the following emergency procedures will be followed:

Emergency signal will sound 35 second Blasts of the airhorn.

All students and instructors will immediately sees all practical activities

All students and instructors will report to the muster point identified in the safety briefing

Personnel will be given further information instructions at that point

Question 23

HAZWOPER 29, CFR 1910.120.

Answer 23

Overview of safety requirements based on hazardous waste operations, emergency response regulations set by OSHA

Emergency response means response, effort by employees from outside the immediate release area, or by other designated responders

Question 24

Types of medical examinations are as follows:

Answer 24

 Pre-employment screening: Necessary for two reasons:
A determination of fitness for duty, and
Baseline data for future exposures.
Information should include occupational and medical history, physical
examination; tests, including blood and urine; x-rays; ability to perform while
wearing protective clothing.

 Annual medical exams:
To compare sequential medical information with the baseline data to determine
biologic trends that may mark early signs of adverse health effects.
They should include interval medical history: additional medical testing, i.e.
pulmonary function test, hearing test, vision test, blood and urine test when
indicated.

 Termination medical exam:
At the end of employment with a response team, all personnel should have a
medical exam as described in the pre-employment exam. This should account
for the total biological effect accumulated during employment on the team.

Emergency treatment: If, at any time during employment, a team member receives an
acute exposure to either physical or chemical hazards on a site, he/she must be
examined by a physician at the nearest emergency medical facility.
Non-emergency exam: Pre-entry screening, which includes a full set of vitals to include
weight and mental condition. Post-entry screening, which is the same as exam as

Pre-entry screening, is also performed. Medical information from both screenings should be
cross-referenced which each other and past screenings.

Question 25

Chemical Protective Clothing (CPPE)
29 CFR 1910.120

Answer 25

Chemical protective clothing and equipment to be used by HAZMAT team members
shall meet the requirements of paragraph (g) (3) through (5).
 PPE shall be selected and used to protect employees form hazards and
potential hazards as identified during the site characterization and analysis.
 Requires that a Personal Protective Equipment Program shall be established.

Question 26

Hazardous Material Tactical and Safety Plan

Answer 26

The Incident Commander (IC) is responsible to develop and implement the Incident
Action Plan (IAP). Under the overall direction of the IC and to meet the objectives of the
IAP the Hazardous Material Branch Director/Group Supervisor (HMBD) is responsible
to develop and implement the Hazardous Material Tactical and Safety Plan
(HMTSP).The HMTSP should be developed for each incident prior to the
implementation of entry-level tactical control operations. All personnel operating in the
HazMat Branch must be briefed and understand the HMTSP.

Question 27

Components of the Hazardous Material Tactical and Safety Plan

Answer 27

1. Site Map – is a graphic representation of the incident site. The site map should
   identify critical operational areas and incident facilities. It should include the
   following:

 Control zones - Hot, Warm, Cold
 Work areas
 Decontamination area

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 Access control points
 Safe refuge areas
 Hazard areas identified
 Topography/physical layout
 Incident facilities
2. Hazard Analysis – identifies incident hazards and provides a risk analysis of the
hazards on the site.
 Chemical hazards - identify chemical hazards and evaluate the risks associated
with the chemical(s) involved. This should include:
 Chemical name and properties
 Concentration of chemical
 Health hazards - toxicity levels and route of entry
 Fire hazards - degree of combustibility and ignition
potential
 Reactivity hazards - chemical instability and reactivity
with other materials
 Physical hazards - identify other types of hazards and the degree of harm they
present. These should include:
 Energy sources
 Mechanical hazards
 Terrain
 Confined spaces or limited access points

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 Weather
3. Safety and Health Considerations – Identify the signs and symptoms of exposure to
hazardous substances and the effects on responder health if they are contaminated
or suffer a chemical injury. Identify the pre-hospital emergency care of
contaminated patients at the basic and advanced life support level. This section
should include:
 Medical personnel with equipment and transportation should be on site.
 Emergency medical procedures to be followed in case of injury or
contamination.
4. Tactical Objectives – Identifies what objectives needs to be accomplished to
control the hazards and protect life, critical systems, the environment and property.
Determines the tactical operations that will be implemented.
 Objectives must be met to mitigate the incident. These would be part of the
action plan, but must be communicated to all responders on-site.
 Standard Operating Procedures. Follow standard operating procedures and
practices at all times.
5. Scene Control Zones
 Based on the type and degree of hazards the criteria to establish control zones
is established.
 Identify the location of hazard area and control zones; Hot, Warm and Cold
zones.
 Identify the access and exit points for the hazard area and tactical operational
areas.
6. Tactical Command Structure
 Presents the ICS organizational chart of the Hazardous Material Branch.

 Identifies HM Branch functions activated and personnel and resources allocated
to each functional position.
7. Site Communications
 Designated radio communications
 Personnel in Hot Zone should have constant communications with HM Branch
Director, HazMat Safety Officer, Entry Supervisor and backup teams. This may
be via radio on designated radio channels or by direct line of sight.
 Emergency communications procedures should be established. These would
include hand signals and horns, bells or sirens.
8. Hazard Monitoring
 Monitoring equipment should be used to identify the types of hazards on site and
to establish the hazard zone area.
 Monitoring of hazards should include toxicity, flammability, oxygen concentration
corrosiveness and radioactivity.
 The monitoring plan should include types of equipment and instruments, location
of monitoring, evaluation of instrument readings, and the criteria for action
levels.
9. PPE - Identify ensemble level and type of protective equipment necessary for
response personnel based on the site analysis and the hazards identified.
10. Decontamination
 All personnel leaving the Hot Zone or those who have been exposed to chemical
hazards shall be properly decontaminated.
 Identify decontaminated locations and stages/procedures of decontamination.

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Question 28

Incident command system that has Matt branch or group

Answer 28

Incident command system ICS provides a standard system of managing an emergency incident

Question 29

ICS functional elements

Answer 29

Command – responsible for the overall management of the Internet. Develop an implement strategic decisions approves ordering and release of resources, responsible for incident, safety, staff positions, safety officer, information, officer, and liaison officer.

Operations – responsible for the direct management of all incident tactical activities

Planning- responsible for the collection, evaluation and dissemination of tactical information, including resource status situation, status documentation, and technical specialist

Logistics – responsible for providing all support services to the Internet, including rehabilitation communications supplies, and facilities

Finance – responsible for all financial procurement services, and cost analysis

Question 30

HazMat branch Director

Answer 30

will command and control all personnel working in the hazardous material operation area even over the (incident commander)

Question 31

HazMat branch

Answer 31

Hazmat branch works in the operation section that hazmat branch Director will be responsible to the operation section chief, if activated or the Incident commander. (HM branch established to deal with all tactical operations)

Question 32

I HazMat branch Director(Group supervisor)

Answer 32

The hazmat branch, Director or group supervisor depending on level of ICS activation. Report to the operation section chief or incident commander, and is responsible for the implementation of Internet action plan that deals with tactical control of hazardous material.

Duties included our safety, sight control, research, entry, and decontamination .

Question 33

HazMat safety officer

Answer 33

The hazmat safety officer reports to the Incident safety officer as an assistant, safety officer.

HM safety officer, coordinate safety related activities relating to the hazmat branch and advises hazmat branch officer on all aspects of health and safety. They have the authority to stop or prevent unsafe acts.

.

Question 34

Sight control supervisor

Answer 34

Reports to the hazmat branch Director, and is responsible for the establishment of the control zones and the control of movement of all people and equipment through designated access routes and the control of contaminants.

Question 35

Research supervisor

Answer 35

Reports to hazmat branch Director and provides technical information and advice relative to chemical hazard identifies hazardous materials, collects and interprets information about the physical and chemical hazards to analyze the incident and develop a tactical/safety plan

Question 36

Entry supervisor

Answer 36

Reports in a HazMat branch Director and is responsible for the overall entry operations in the hot zone

-supervise entry
-recommend tactical actions
- carry out tactical assignments
-maintain control of the movement of people in the hot zone
-communicate and coordinate with decon, site control, and research supervisors

Question 37

Decon supervisor

Answer 37

Reports to the hazmat branch directors is responsible for all decontamination functions

Question 38

HazMat branch chain of command

Answer 38

1. I HazMat branch Director.
2. Hazmat safety officer.
3. Site control supervisor, research supervisor, entry supervisor, Decon supervisor.

Question 39

Organic peroxides

Answer 39

Max safe storage temp

Question 40

Physical states of matter(GAS)

Answer 40

Any substance that boils at atmospheric pressure at any temperature less than 80°F

No fixed volume or shape extremely difficult to control and contain

Question 41

D.O.T -GAS

Answer 41

Material with a boiling point below 68°F

Question 42

Compressed gas

Answer 42

Typically used in storage and transportation

Compressed gas is the material in a container as an absolute pressure of 40 psi at 70°F or having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130°F or any liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100°F

Question 43

Liquefied compressed gas

Answer 43

Gases that become a Liquid in a container at (normal temperature 68°F )

Typically have a pressure between 25 to 2500 psi

Question 44

Cryogenic gas

Answer 44

Liquefied gases with boiling points below -130 Fahrenheit

Question 45

Liquid

Answer 45

Liquid have a fixed volume, but no fixed shape, and will take on the shape of the container. Liquids at any temperature above the freezing point will release vapors.

Liquids become gases at 760 mm/Hg

Question 46

Molecular weight of air

Answer 46

29

Question 47

How many gases are lighter than air?

Answer 47

16 gases float

Question 48

Solid

Answer 48

Solids by definition, I’m not Mobile materials. They have a fixed volume and shape. However, when broken down into powder or dust form, they can be transmitted, five people, the atmosphere, or other carriers.

Some salads are water soluble it can become more hazardous when they coming to contact with liquids or tissues.

Question 49

Pure substances

Answer 49

Homogeneous material having a constant, fixed chemical composition with no impurities. They may be an element or a compound.

I.e. oxygen, chlorine, carbon monoxide, water

Question 50

Element

Answer 50

Simplest form of any substance cannot be decomposed into smaller units and remain that element. The smallest unit of an element is an atom.

I.e. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, fluorine

Question 51

Compounds

Answer 51

A substance composed of two or more elements in a chemical combination that has a fixed chemical composition

I.e. methane CH4, sodium chloride NaCl, carbon dioxide CO2

Question 52

Mixture

Answer 52

Materials that are made from two or more substances, in varying proportions that are not chemically combined. These materials can be separated from each other by physical or chemical means.(filtering, dissolving, evaporated, etc.)

Hi E – air, kathleen, brass, wood

Question 53

Solution

Answer 53

Uniformly dispersed mixture of one or more substances ( solute) in one or more other substances (solvent)

I.e. – liquid in liquid, alcohol – water, solid in liquid, salt – water, gas in liquid, carbon dioxide in water

Question 54

Slurry

Answer 54

A mixture of a solid and a liquid

Question 55

Physical properties

Boiling point

Answer 55

The boiling point is the temperature at which the transition from liquid to gas occurs at this temperature, the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, so that the liquid rapidly becomes a vapor.

Flammable materials with low boiling points of generally present greater problems with those with high boiling points

IE: the boiling point of acetone is 133°F, and the boiling points for jet fuel range from 400°F to 550°F

Question 56

Melting point

Answer 56

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. Materials with low, melting points, present problems because they melt faster and spread more easily. The reverse is also true. However, if the temperature of a liquid can be lowered, the technician may be able to convert it to a solid.

Question 57

Sublimation

Answer 57

When a substance passes directly from a solid state to vapor state, without passing through a Liquid State,

for example, Napthalene used in mothballs.

An increase in temperature increases the rate of sublimation. During an incident, the hazardous materials technician should assess the toxicity and flammability of the vapors of any material that sublimes.

Question 58

Vapor pressure

Answer 58

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted on the inside of a closed container by the vapor in the space above the liquid in the container.

Products with a high vapor pressure, have a greater potential to breach their containers when heated, since the pressure increases as the temperature rises. Products with high vapor pressures are more volatile.

Vp measured in a few ways

-millimeters or inches of mercury-mmHg/in Hg

-pounds per square inch absolute(Psia)

-atmosphere (atm)

Question 59

Examples of vapor pressure in common materials

Answer 59

Water= 21

Acetone(Propanone)=100

Chlorine = 4800

Question 60

Critical temperature and pressure

Answer 60

Critical temperature and pressure relate to the process of liquefying gases. The critical temperature is a minimum temperature required to liquefy a gas, no matter how much pressure is applied.

The critical pressure is the pressure that must be applied to bring a gas to it’s liquid state

Question 61

Critical temperature and pressure continued.

Answer 61

I guess cannot be liquefied above it’s critical temperature. The lower the critical temperature, the less pressure is required to bring a gas to a liquid state.

If a liquefied gas container exceeds critical temperature, the liquid will convert instantaneously to a gas, which may cause a container to fail violently

Question 62

Expansion ratio

Answer 62

The expansion ratio is the amount of gas produced by a given volume of liquid at a given temperature.

IE: for instance, liquid propane has an expansion ratio of liquid to gas (270 to 1)

While liquefied natural gas has an expansion ratio of (635 to 1).

Obviously, the greater the expansion rate, the more gas is produced, the larger the endangered area becomes.

Question 63

Vapor density

Answer 63

Vapor density is the relative density of a vapor compared to air. The vapor density of air is 1.0.

If a material has a vapor density higher than 1.0, it is heavier than air and we’ll settle.

Toluene, for example, has a vapor density of 3.14, and will settle and pool in low lying areas. If event for density is less than one, it is lighter than air, and will rise and tend to dissipate.

Only 16 (lighter than air HAHAMICE+N)

Question 64

Specific gravity

Answer 64

Specific gravity is the weight of a solid or liquid, compared to an equal volume of water. If the material has a specific gravity, greater than 1.0, and it does not dissolve in water, it will sink. If it’s specific gravity is less than 1.0 it will float on water.

This becomes important when conducting some types of damning or booming operations, and when dealing with flammable liquids.

Question 65

Solubility

Answer 65

The ability of a substance to form a solution with water can be important when determining control methods

For example, gasoline is insoluble, all anhydrous ammonia is soluble

Negligible- less than 0.1%
Slight-0.1 to 1.0%
Moderate- 1 to 10%
Appreciable- more than 10%

Question 66

Miscibility

Answer 66

The term basketball refers to the tendency or ability of two or more liquids to form a uniform blend, or to dissolve in each other. Liquids may be totally miscible, partially miscible, or not miscible at all.

Miscible- will mix

Immiscible- will not mix

Question 67

Persistence

Answer 67

And materials, ability to remain in the environment, chemically unchanged. The more persistent material is, the greater the propensity for it to remain harmful over a period of time.

Question 68

Temperature of product

Answer 68

The temperature of a product or influence the measures taken to control an incident that involves that product. A product temperature may also prevent hazards. An incident involving molten sulfur, for example, raises different sets of concerned than one involving cryogenic material such as liquefied natural gas.

Question 69

Viscosity

Answer 69

A measure of thickness of a liquid, determines how easily it flows. Liquids with high viscosity, such as heavy oil’s, must be heated to increase their fluidity. Liquids that are more viscous tend to flow more slowly, while those that are less viscous will spread more easily. During an incident, liquids that are less viscous are likely to flow away from leaking container, expanding the endangered area.

Question 70

Volatility

Answer 70

Volatility describes the ease with which a liquid compares into the vapor state. The higher and material volatility, the greater its evaporation rate. Vapor pressure is a measure of a liquid propensity to evaporate. Thus, the higher a liquid vapor pressure the more volatile it is. During an incident, a volatile material will disperse in air and expand the endangered area.

Question 71

Chemistry

Answer 71

Chemistry has two basic subdivisions: organic and in organic organic chemistry is based on substances that contain carbon. Organic materials are derived from materials that are or once were living. An example of an organic compound is propane organic materials are significant to the technician, as the majority of them are known to be flammable, and also toxic.

Question 72

Chemistry of nitrogen

Answer 72

Oxygen and other non-carbon materials is the Contant of inorganic chemistry. In organic materials may still contain carbon. However, they lack the characteristic carbon chains found in organic materials. Examples of inorganic material are nitric acid, sodium bicarbonate, and carbon dioxide.

Question 73

Atomic structure

Answer 73

All matter (substances) is made of atoms

Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Adams are composed the three basic units.

Question 74

Protons

Answer 74

Particles that are found in the center, or nucleus, of the atom having a positive charge

Question 75

Neutrons

Answer 75

Particles found in the nucleus, they have no charge

Question 76

Electrons

Answer 76

Particles found in the space surrounding the nucleus, they have a negative charge. These spaces are called the electron shells.

Question 77

almost all the mass of an atom

Answer 77

Is in the nucleus

Question 78

Electrons are what take part in

Answer 78

Chemical bonding and reactions

Adams like to try and fill their electron shells. Depending on the number of electrons associated with an atom, there can be many electron shells.

Question 79

The number of protons and electrons are normally equal in a stable atom

True or false

Answer 79

True

Question 80

Element

Answer 80

An element is a substance of similar atoms with the same atomic number

Elements cannot be broken down further by chemical means. An elements chemical properties of determined by the number of protons in the nucleus and the corresponding number of electrons around the nucleus.

Question 81

Where are elements found?

Answer 81

There are 118 named elements. Of those, 92 are found in nature. The remaining elements are synthetically made in a laboratory.

Question 82

Isotopes

Answer 82

The atoms of an element all have the same number of protons, however, variations in the atomic mass of the atom can occur. When this occurs, the number of protons stays the same, but the number of neutrons changes. When this occurs, the new atom is said to be an isotope of the original Atom or element.

Question 83

Unstable isotopes

Answer 83

Some isotopes are very unstable. As they break down, they release particles and energy, this breakdown is called radioactivity, and the particles and energy released are called radiation.

Question 84

Ion

Answer 84

An atom or radical that has lost, or gained an electron, therefore has acquired an electric charge

Question 85

Loss of electron

Answer 85

Positive charged atom is called a Cation

Question 86

Gain of electron

Answer 86

Negative charged Atom called and Anion

Question 87

Allotrope

Answer 87

The existence of a substance in two or more forms with different physical and chemical properties

IE: carbon existing as a diamond, graphite, and carbon black

Question 88

Metal

Answer 88

An element that conducts heat and electricity as well, has a high physical strength and is ductile and malleable. Medals are to the left of the stairstep line on the periodic table.

Many metals are extremely toxic

Question 89

Nonmetal

Answer 89

An element that does not conduct heat and electricity, has low, physical strength, and there’s neither ductile nor malleable. Nonmetals are to the right of the stairstep line on the periodic table.

Question 90

Metalloid

Answer 90

An element that exhibit general physical properties of both metals and nonmetals

Question 91

Periodic table

Answer 91

The periodic table is organize chart that contains all elements that are nouns exist. The tables are raised in ascending order by the element atomic number. From the table, one can obtain valuable information on elements.

Question 92

Atomic number

Answer 92

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus

Question 93

Atomic mass

Answer 93

The atomic mass is determined by adding together the number of protons and the number of neutrons. This is usually displayed as a decimal number on a periodic table.

Atomic masses are useful for determining relative density of a material and for calculating qualities of reactants for neutralization reactions.

Question 94

Periods- horizontal rows

Answer 94

And a given period, the properties of elements gradually passed from a chemically active metal to chemically active nonmetal nature,

with the last element in the period Being an inert gas.

Question 95

Groups – vertical columns

Answer 95

The group number indicates the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom. It is significant because it helps describe the activity of the element. Adams will react in such a way as to complete their outer shell;

i.e. two electrons in the first shell and eight electrons in the outer shells. This filling of the outer most shell is called the octet law.

Elements with similar properties are classified together in groups or families. There are four families of significance. The technician needs to recognize.

Question 96

Element (group 1)

Answer 96

The alkali family. Tell him it’s in the family are hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium.

Each one has an electron in its outer shell, and has properties similar to the others. All the elements except for hydrogen will explode on contact with water, and our Pyrophoric.

Question 97

Group 2 elements

Answer 97

The alkali earth family. Examples include magnesium, calcium, and radium. These elements have two electrons in the outer shell. These metals are also chemically reactive, but not as reactive as (group1A)

they will decompose in water, and may be explosive and ignite in the air, but only when exposed to heat source

Question 98

Group 17 elements

Answer 98

Halogen family. Examples of our fluorine, Chlorine, and bromine. These elements have seven electrons in the outer shells. They are exceptionally reactive nonmetals, and like oxygen or oxidizers.

In fact, fluorine is a stronger oxidizer than oxygen.

Question 99

Group 18 elements

Answer 99

Noble gas, family, most of these gases exist as a major part of the atmosphere.

These gases are non-reactive.

Question 100

Chemical properties and behavior

Answer 100

Chemical properties of material are those changes that the material is capable of undergoing due to reactions of materials at the atomic level. Chemical properties affect our Atoms interact with each other, and the formation of other compounds.

Question 101

Chemical reactions

Answer 101

A chemical change, which occurs when two or more substances react with each other and produce a different substance or energy, is applied to a substance and a different substance is produced. And a chemical reaction energy is either absorbed or liberated.

Question 102

chemical reaction in a container

Answer 102

The chemical reaction of materials in a container may result in a buildup of heat, an increase in pressure, a corrosive product, or a material that may react, if shot by

(heat, mechanical, or chemical. )Under these conditions, the container may fail.

Question 103

Ionic bonding

Answer 103

A chemical reaction that combines metal elements with nonmetal elements producing a compound called a salt. This type of bonding produced products that are held together by differential electrical charge between the parts (or ions).

Example is table salt, (sodium chloride. )

Question 104

Covalent bonding

Answer 104

A chemical reaction, That combines two nonmetals together. The product is a non-salt. This type of bonding produces products that are held together by sharing of electrons between the parts.

An example is Methane

Question 105

Developing the chemical hazard profile for incident analysis

Answer 105

In order to understand the behaviors of hazardous materials, involve the HMT should research the physical properties and the chemical hazards of the substances, and develop a profile of the chemical hazards

Question 106

Developing this hazard profile includes

Answer 106

1-Identifying the hazard class,
2-evaluating the potential for energy to be released in chemical reactivity,
3-determine the physical state based on boiling point or melting point.
4-Evaluating the fire hazard.
5-Evaluating the health hazards.

Question 107

Concerns for energy release the HMT must be aware of

Answer 107

Explosive that has a class 1

Reactive with other chemicals, including water in there – hazard class 4,5,&8

Polymerization hazard gas hazard class, 2 and 3

Chemically unstable

Radioactive – hazard class number 7

Question 108

Chemical reactivity hazards

Answer 108

Chemical reactivity describes the substances ability to release energy or undergo change. Examples of reactivity include self reactive, water, reactive, or air reactive materials, polymerizing, materials, corrosive, explosive, or radioactive materials

Question 109

Unstable materials

Answer 109

Substances that decompose spontaneously, polymerizes, or otherwise self react in a hazardous manner

Question 110

Oxidation potential

Answer 110

The ability of a material spontaneously react with oxygen from the air, or from a chemical oxidizer at room temperature, without any outside he being applied

Question 111

Explosive materials

Answer 111

Explosive means any substance article, including a device, that is designed to function by explosion (i.e. an extremely rapid release of gas and heat,) or that, by chemical reaction within itself is able to function in similar manner, even if not designed to function by explosion

Question 112

Detonation

Answer 112

A sudden violent release of chemical, mechanical, or nuclear energy from a can find a region; a detonation is propagated by a shockwave and travels at supersonic speed

Question 113

Deflagration

Answer 113

To burn very, very rapidly; the speed of reaction is much faster than an ordinary combustion, but travels much slower than a detonation

Question 114

Possible hazards of explosives

Answer 114

Exposure to heat, shock or contamination, could result in thermal and mechanical hazards

Question 115

Chemically reactive materials

Instability

Answer 115

Materials, a decompose, spontaneously, polymerize, or otherwise self react are generally considered unstable materials. They do not mix with other chemicals to react. The term instability is often used in a changeable with the term reactivity.

Question 116

Water reactive

Answer 116

Materials that one in contact with water will produce flammable or toxic gases, or exothermic reactions or decompose.

For example, most alkali metals will react violently when they come in contact with water. Those metals are so reactive that they do not exist as metals in nature.

The outer electron shell of alkali metals is unstable. Therefore, we ask rapidly and strongly with oxygen molecules in water.

Examples of water, reactive materials, and their by-products

Sodium metal – hydrogen and sodium hydroxide

Calcium carbide – acetylene and calcium hydroxide

Sodium hydride – hydrogen and sodium hydroxide

Question 117

Pyrophoric materials (air reactive)

Answer 117

Pyrophoric materials are those materials that react spontaneously with air. Many scientists and producers of these materials, attempt to make a distinction between a pyrophoric material reacting in clean, dry air, or those that react in moist air.

(Note, when pyrophoric materials react in moist air, it is because the water contact, causing the reaction, therefore, making it water reactive )

White phosphorus.
Uranium. Triethylaluminum. Diethyl zinc. Iron sulfide.

Characteristics – some of these materials made burst into flames; Sunday, decompose, slightly less violently into noxious components, while others may detonate.

I.e.: phosphorus Dash white phosphorus, will spontaneously ignite when exposed to air

White phosphorus.
Uranium.
Triethylaluminum
Di-ethyl zinc
Iron sulfide

Question 118

Polymerization

Answer 118

Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which small molecules combine to form larger molecules. The polymerization process release large amounts of energy that may damage the container.

Question 119

Monomers

Answer 119

The small molecules that are the base unit for the polymerization process.

An example is styrene.

Question 120

Polymer

Answer 120

Large molecules formed from smaller, subunits or monomers.

An example is polystyrene.

Question 121

Inhibitor

Answer 121

An inhibitor is a chemical that is added to a monomer to prevent the chemical reaction. If the inhibitor is released during an incident, an uncontrolled polymerization process can take place that may damage the container.

Question 122

Catalyst

Answer 122

A catalyst is used to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. If not used properly, a callus can initiate an uncontrolled polymerization process.

Catalyst do not enter into the chemical reaction. (Do not chemically change.)

Question 123

Chemically unstable materials

Answer 123

Organic peroxides
Azides
Fulminates
Nitrate esters
Butyraldehyde

Question 124

Water reactive materials

Answer 124

Metal salts.
Acids.
Bases.
Group 1 elements.

Question 125

Pyrophoric

Answer 125

White phosphorus
Uranium
Triethylaluminum
Di-ethyl zinc
Iron sulfide

Question 126

Polymerization

Answer 126

Acrylonitrile
Propylene
Vinyl chloride
Styrene

Question 127

Oxidizers

Answer 127

Any substance that may enhance or support combustion of other materials, generally by yielding oxygen; that substance that will readily react to, promotes, or initiates combustion, such as the halogens; under certain circumstances may undergo vigorous self sustained decomposition due to contamination or heat exposure

Question 128

Oxidizer state of matter

Answer 128

Oxidizers can be gas, liquid or solid state. They readily and easily release the oxygen atoms in the compound, or are a halogen. Fluorine is the more powerful oxidizer than oxygen.

Oxidizers can be toxic, very sensitive to energy (heat, pressure or shock)

Question 129

inorganic compounds that are oxidizers

Answer 129

There are certain ionic compounds that will readily release oxygen. The basic formula for these oxidizers is:

Metal+nonmetal+ oxygen

Examples:
Sodium hypochlorite – NaCIO

Sodium nitrate - Na2NO3

Question 130

Peroxides

Answer 130

Any compound containing bivalent, oxygen group, peroxide, I am, 0–0 (2 oxygen atoms) they release oxygen readily and are strong oxidizers. Peroxide are a group of hazardous materials that are man-made, not normally occurring in nature, due to their inherent, instability and reactivity. Their use is mainly to initiate or catalyze a polymerization reaction.

Question 131

Inorganic peroxide

Answer 131

compounds that have hydrogen or any metal ionically bonded to a peroxide Ion

Hydrogen peroxide, H-O-O-H

Show me an organic franchise are strong, oxidizes, toxic, and when they come in contact with a combustible material, may burst instantly into flames.

Question 132

Organic Peroxides

Answer 132

Organic compounds that contain the peroxide ion. They are extremely unstable, and the slightest amount of energy may be enough to cause a rapid decomposition with the release of high amounts of energy. Organic peroxides are kept a low temperatures to prevent these bonds from disintegration, which will release energy.

Question 133

SADT self accelerating decomposition temperature

Answer 133

The essay DT is a property of every peroxide. The typical range of an SADT is between 0°F and 50°F. Regardless of the temperature, I have some portion of the material reaches it. Decomposition will begin. Once the decomposition begins, there’s no way to stop it.

Question 134

Maximum safe storage temperature

Answer 134

The highest temperature at which to safely store organic peroxides. When an organic peroxide reaches the temperature above the MSST, the material will decompose and may explode.

Question 135

Activators

Answer 135

When oxidizes come in contact with either an energy or a chemical activator, they may decompose rapidly causing the release of us quantities of oxygen, and possibly heat this breakdown may accelerate the fire of a nearby combustible material. Since Mini oxidizers are metals, toxic gases may be released as well.

Question 136

Energy activators

Answer 136

There are two types of energy activators. The primary activator is heat, and the secondary is pressure. He can be produced either from outside source, or as the material is decomposing. Pressure is produced if the material is contained in a storage vessel. If the material is decomposing, oxygen is being released, and heat is being produced. While this is happening pressure is being built up to the point of container failure.

Question 137

Chemical activators

Answer 137

These materials have the ability to react with oxygen from the air, or some type of oxidizer at normal temperature with no outside heat source being applied. These materials will chemically react with metals and some nonmetals to begin the process of releasing oxygen and heat, causing a hypergolic reaction.

Question 138

Radioactive material

Answer 138

A material containing an isotope that spontaneously admits ionizing radiation

Question 139

Radioactivity

Answer 139

Definition of radiation from an atom due to artificial or natural nuclear breakdown

Question 140

Radioisotope

(Radionuclide)

Answer 140

An isotopic form of an element, (either natural or artificial) that exhibit radioactivity

Question 141

Radiation

Answer 141

The movement of energy through space, or matter, in the form of waves or particles

Alpha, beta, gamma

Question 142

Non-ionizing radiation

Answer 142

This is the type of radiation causes Adams and their bonds to vibrate. This vibration causes friction with the release of heat. Examples of this type of radiation include.

IE: Visible, light infrared, energy, microwaves, and radio waves

Question 143

Ionizing radiation

Answer 143

This is the type of radiation that causes changes in the atomic structure of the atom. These changes include ejection of atomic particles and the release of energy from the atom.

Question 144

Alpha particles

Answer 144

Alpha particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus) they are fairly large, slow, moving particles. They travel only a few centimeters in there. Alpha particles present an internal hazard.

Paper or Tyvek can stop alpha particles.

Question 145

Beta particles

Answer 145

Beta particles are composed of electrons that are ejected from the atom. They are smaller and faster than alpha particles. Beta particles can travel several meters in air. Beta particles present both internal and external hazards.

A thick book can stop beta particles

Question 146

Neutron particles

Answer 146

Neutron particles are ejected from the nucleus during radioactive decay. These particles are usually associated with nuclear fission (an atomic bomb detonation or around nuclear reactors) these particles can travel great distances because they have a neutral charge. They present an internal hazard to living tissue.

Question 147

X-rays

Answer 147

X-rays are produced when electrons in an atom move between electron shells. This is considered high energy radiation that presents both an external and internal hazard.

Question 148

Gamma rays

Answer 148

Gamma rays are similar to x-ray, but of greater energy. The main difference between x-rays and gamma rays is that gamma rays originate in the nucleus of the atom and usually follow, alpha or beta decay. Gamma rays present both external and internal hazards.

Several centimeters of concrete or lead is required to stop gamma.

Question 149

Penetrating effects of radiation

Answer 149

See photo

Question 150

Measures of radioactivity

Answer 150

Curie-(CI) unit used to measure radioactivity. 1CI =37 billion disintegrations per second (DPS)

Becquerel-(Bq) metric unit of measure for radioactivity. 1Bq=1 disintegration per second (DPS.)

Specific activity -the activity of radioactive source per mass. Generally measured in curies per gram (Ci/g)

Radioactive half life- the time it takes for an unstable element to lose 1/2 of its radioactivity

Question 151

Roentgen (R)

Answer 151

The amount of gamma radiation that will cause about 2 billion ion pairs and 1 cm³ of dry air. It is the measure of ionization of the molecules in mass of air.

Note, most instruments are read in Roentgens or Roentgens in per hour

Question 152

Radiation absorbed dose (rad)

Answer 152

Relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some materials. Equals the energy absorption of 100 ERGS per gram of irradiated material. (An ergs is a measure of work)

Question 153

Radiation equivalent man (rem)

Answer 153

REM measures the radiation affect on the body. Both the dosage of radiation and the potential for harmful effects are taken into account.

Question 154

For emergency response operations

Answer 154

R – rad – rem are roughly equivalent for gamma radiation

Question 155

Radioactive material labels

There is certain information that is required to be displayed on radioactive material labels. This includes

Answer 155

Radioactive active white – one (1 bar) identifies continents that have the lowest level of external radiation hazard

Radioactive yellow – three (3bars) the highest level. These labels DO NOT indicate the amount of internal hazard that the package may contain.

– depending on the level of radiation emitted from the package, radioactive materials will bear one of these three types of labels: radioactive white Dash one, radioactive yellow – two, or radioactive yellow – three.

Question 156

Radioactive materials and transport

Answer 156

Contents, activity in transportation indexed this is the information displayed on the label. The transportation index TI indicates radiation dose rate in milligrams per hour measured at 1 m 3.3 feet. From the surface of the package and indicates the degree of control required by the shipper and determines the number of such packages that are allowed in a vehicle or storage area.

The transportation index or TI is only displayed on yellow two and yellow three labels. The label also indicates the contents and activity.

Question 157

Corrosive Materials

Answer 157

Any substance that causes destruction to living tissue by chemical reaction

Question 158

Corrosive materials by DOT Specs

Answer 158

DOT regulation a liquid or solid that causes destruction to human tissue or a liquid that chemically reacts with steel or aluminum

Question 159

pH

Answer 159

A numerical scale from 0 to 14 years to qualify the city or alkalinity of an aqueous solution with neutrality indicated to 7

Question 160

Acid

Answer 160

Aggressive with a pH of less than seven, a compound that forms hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Question 161

Base(Alkaline)

Answer 161

A corrosive with a pH of more than 7

Question 162

Organic acids

Answer 162

Can contain carbon. Organic acids or someone in their molecular structure and contain grouping of atoms called a carboxyl group. These tend to be weak acids, and the symbol is abbreviated as see 008, which is combined with other hydrogen and carbon atoms in a chain Orion organic acids can be flammable due to the carbon contact. Organic acids may be explosive a very toxic.

Question 163

Inorganic acids

Answer 163

Do not contain carbon. They are sometimes referred to as mineral acids and are not flammable.

However, these asses off and act as an oxidizing agent that can ignite other combustible materials in a spill. They are also water reactive.

IE: hydrochloric acid – HCL,

sulfuric acid, H2 S04

Question 164

When dealing with acid products,

Answer 164

(Add acid to water), not water to acid

Question 165

Hazards of acids (organic and inorganic)

Answer 165

Corrosive.
Explosive.
Polymerization.
Water reactive.
Toxic.
Oxidizer.
Flammable.
Reactive.
Unstable.

Question 166

Bases (also referred to as alkali or caustic)

Answer 166

Substances that liberate hydroxide anions when dissolved in water. Bases react with acids to form salt and water. Bases have a pH greater than seven and turn litmus paper blue.

Have a bitter taste, and a slippery fill in solution. Bases have the same general property is acids and that they also can damage human tissue and materials, often more than acids.

IE: sodium hydroxide (lye)-NaOH, potassium hydroxide(caustic potash)-KOH

Question 167

Flammable, gases, liquids, and solids

Answer 167

And fire the process of oxidation is the current very quickly while heat and light or released. If the process of oxidation is much faster than a Fire, or the amount of energy released as increase, and explosion occurred. Simply put if we look at the common, every day, fire, matter (fuel) is reacting with the liberation of energy (heat and light)

Question 168

Flammable, gases, liquids, or solids continued

Answer 168

When will productivity, solid, liquid or gas. It’s state has its characteristic physical properties that enable responders to anticipate behavior. Earlier we talked about fire being a chemical process. this we all know, is composed of heat, fuel, and oxygen. All these can present at the same time, but if conditions are not right, then fire will not occur. In order for a substance to burn, it will need some other things to be present.

Question 169

Flash point

Answer 169

Flashpoint is the minimum temperature to which a material must be raised to allow for combustion in the presence of an ignition source

Question 170

Fire Point

Answer 170

In order for sustained combustion to occur, the fire point must be reached. The fire point is usually (1 to 3°F above) flashpoint.

Question 171

Flammable range

Answer 171

flammable range is the percentage of vapor in the air, and was ignition will occur. Flammable range of described in terms of lower and upper flammable limits, also known as lower and upper explosive limit or LEL and UEL.

Question 172

Ignition temperature (aka autoignition temperature)

Answer 172

The minimum temperature with the material must be heated in order to initiate self sustained combustion

Question 173

Flammable range in ignition temperature explain more

Answer 173

Well, the flashpoint of the material is the function of physical characteristics I.E.vapor production, ignition temperature of a chemical change in the material. Molecular bond in the material are broken become subject oxidation. When this oxidation becomes rapid, and heat and light or produced fire as a result.

Larger heavier molecules will typically have lower ignition temperatures than light small chemicals. Animal and vegetable oil’s have a low ignition temperatures and will undergo spontaneous ignition if confined.

Question 174

Ignition temperature & flashpoint examples

Answer 174

Gasoline (87 octane) FP= -36°F/ IT =853°F

Diesel FP = 100°F/ IT = 494°F

Question 175

Products of combustion

Answer 175

All products of combustion, from cigarette smoke to the smoke from a fire involving pesticides, have some toxic effects. Some materials generate more highly toxic products of combustion than others, and appropriate levels of protective clothing and equipment must be used to counter them.

Question 176

Hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon derivatives

Answer 176

Crude oil pump from the ground is a mixture of many molecules. It is a finding a mini usable product or a process called fractional distillation. In this process the molecules are separated, collected at different levels of a fractionating tower, and sent away to be blended into many familiar products. We use

(i.e. gasoline, kerosene, asphalt, fuel oils, and many other liquid petroleum products.)

Question 177

Hydrocarbons are made up of?

Answer 177

Carbon and hydrogen that are covalently bonded to each other

Question 178

Hydrocarbon families (4)

Answer 178

Saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, and halogenated

Question 179

Saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 179

These molecules are saturated with hydrogen atoms. The molecules contain twice as many hydrogen atoms, plus two as they do, carbon atoms, and each bond as a single covalent bond. Most saturated hydrocarbons are heavy, and with the exception of methane have a vapor density greater than one the technical family name for this type of hydrocarbon is alkanes

IE: propane, (C3 H8 -carbons +6 hydrogen +2 hydrogen’s)

Question 180

Alkanes

Answer 180

Or about 60% of all the petroleum oil, and I referred to as petroleum hydrocarbons, or paraffin hydrocarbons. Alkanes are not very reactive, and do not react with strong acids or bases. However, they are able to be oxidized and will burn.

IE: vapor density
methane=0.6
ethane=1.0
propane =1.6
butane=2.0
Hexane=3.0

Question 181

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 181

The reason some hydrocarbons are called unsaturated because they do not contain as many hydrogens per carbon atom as the saturated hydrocarbons do. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between carbon somewhere in the molecular structure. These multiple buns, coupled with relatively low, hydrogen contacts are the reason this type of hydrocarbon is Highly reactive. All are considered toxic. The family groups that make up unsaturated hydrocarbons are (ALKENES and ALKYNES.)

Question 182

-ene

Answer 182

ALKENES are made up of carbons are attached to each other with double covalent bonds. Because of these bonds ALKENES are very reactive. The most frequently encountered ALKENES are Etheline and propylene. Formula for ALKENES is (CnH2n)

Question 183

-yne

Answer 183

ALKYNES are made up of carbon that attaches to each other with triple covalent bonds. These bonds are highly unstable ALKYNES generally do not exist in nature due to their reactivity. The most common ALKYNE is acetylene or ethyne the empirical formula for ALKYNES is. (CnH2n-2)

Question 184

What happens when ALKENES and ALKYNES come in contact with an oxidizer?

Answer 184

A very rapid and intense fire will occur. This is called hypergolic reaction.

Question 185

Halogenated hydrocarbons

Answer 185

These are hydrocarbons in with a hydrogen atom is replaced with a Halogen atom. since all halogens of group VIIA react similarly, and the number of hydrocarbons is so large, there are a very high number of potential halogenated hydrocarbons. How would you needed? Hydrocarbons include flammable, and combustible liquids, liquids, that may not ignite, urethane, foam’s, and fire extinguishing agents. Their materials are toxic.

Methyl Chloride-CH3CI

Question 186

Flammable (combustible) solids

Answer 186

In addition to ordinary combustibles class, if you’re such as wood paper and cotton wool, they are solid materials, that present a significant fire hazard. There are two major types of flammable, solids, combustible elements, and combustible metals.

Question 187

Other flammable solids

(allotropes)

Answer 187

Carbon, phosphorus and sulfur are elements I can burn in addition to having other hazardous characteristics. Carbon in form of Cole is a combustible and in bulk storage may burn so hot that it will break down water to release, hydrogen and oxygen.

There are two types of allotropes of phosphorus that I combustible and hazardous. White phosphorus is unstable at room temperature, has an auto ignition point of 86°F and will spontaneously ignite and dry air red phosphorus sublimates at 781°F and ignites at 500°F .

Question 188

Sulphur

Answer 188

Sulphur melt at 240°F in ignites at 450°F. Once offered Burns the products of combustion a very toxic.

Question 189

Extinguishing flammable metals

Answer 189

Combustible metals present multiple hazards, in addition to burning. The alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium are combustible, water reactive, and the products of combustion are toxic.
other metals, such as magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and there conium will burn in our especially dangerous and powder or dust form as they can ignite
with explosive force.

Because these materials, Burn at a very high temperature, water, and CO2 are not effective extinguishing agent and can break down to release oxygen

Question 190

Metallic phosphides and carbides

Answer 190

There are certain metallic compounds that are combustible, such as the metallic phosphide and metallic carbides. These compounds may also have multiple hazards, such as being toxic and water reactive.

Question 191

Toxic and poisonous materials

Answer 191

All hazardous materials can be toxic in some form. However, there are some chemicals in small quantities that can be extremely hazardous to a persons health:

A poison or toxin is the chemical in relatively small amounts that has the ability to produce injury, by chemical action, where it comes in contact with susceptible tissue

IE: target organs

Question 192

Effects of toxic poisonous materials

Answer 192

Local effect– local affects result in injury, due to localized area on the skin, face, or lindz. It also can affect the throat, lungs, and the digestive tract.

Systemic effect – occurs when the toxicant enters the bloodstream, and will damage many tissues in the body

Question 193

Types of toxic materials

Answer 193

Poisons- substances that are toxic have low levels

Irritant- substance that causes local inflammatory reaction upon contact

Asphyxiants- substances that interfere with the oxygenation of tissue

Simple asphyxiants- these materials, displace oxygen in the atmosphere so that oxygen does not enter the lungs or bloodstream

Chemical asphyxiants-these materials, chemically bond with hemoglobin in the blood and prevent the blood from bonding to red blood cells or from releasing to the cells

Carcinogens - substances that cause cancer in tissue

Biological agents- biological agents, include bacteria, viruses, micro organisms, and their toxins.

Blood agents- chemical compounds containing the cyanide group that prevents the blood from utilizing oxygen

Nerve agents- organophosphates that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs

Vesicants (blister agents) - chemicals that cause blistering and burning of tissue upon contact

Riot control agents-chemicals that are irritant

Question 194

Factors that affect the harmful effects of toxic materials

Answer 194

Route of exposure.

Present for a time period.

Contact with a Target organ

Concentrations to cause injury

Ability to cause injury

Question 195

Routes of exposure for toxic materials

Answer 195

Inhalation- the most dangerous and fastest route of entry

Absorption entry of toxic material through the skin or eyes also open cuts or wounds; absorption through the eyes is faster than through the skin

Ingestion-entry through the mouth and direct consumption, make her while breathing or by hand to mouth contact while eating or drinking or smoking

Injection – entry of toxins into the body through mechanical means

Question 196

Contact hazard for toxic materials

Answer 196

Chemical burns – burn injuries to tissue caused by chemical contact

Thermal Burns – this is burning of tissue due to exposure to high heat or ultraviolet light conditions

Frostbite – this is the freezing of tissue win in contact with extremely cold materials, such as cryogenics

Question 197

Toxic material, exposure types

Time of exposure

Answer 197

Time of exposure to harmful effect of a toxic material, dependent on the concentration of the material, and the length of time to individual is exposed

Chronic exposure -exposure occurred over an extended period of time

Acute exposure to exposure occurs in the body received a large dose of the toxin in a short period of time

Question 198

Threshold, limit value, TLV

Answer 198

Term used by American council, government industrial hygienist to Xpress to airborne concentrations of material to. It’s nearly all workers can be exposed day after day without adverse effects.

Question 199

(TLV) Time weighted average TWA

Answer 199

This is the maximum concentration averaged over eight hours to which a healthy adult can be repeatedly expose for 8 hours per day 40 hours per week

Question 200

(TLV) Short-term exposure limit STEL

Answer 200

The maximum average concentration, averaged over 15 minute period, to its healthy adults can be safely exposed for up to 15 minutes continuously exposure should not occur more than four times in a day with at least one hour between exposures

Question 201

TLV Ceiling

Answer 201

This is the maximum concentration to watch a healthy adult can be exposed without risk of injury. Is comparable to ideal age.

exposures to higher concentration should not occur.

Question 202

Permissible exposure limit (PEL)

Answer 202

PEL is also called OSHA PEL is the maximum amount of airborne concentration of a substance with a worker can legally be exposed to. Most PELs are defined as substances that are dangerous when inhaled, but some are for substances that are dangerous and absorbed through the skin or eyes PELR sent by OSHA and or illegal workplace exposure limit.

Question 203

Recommended exposure limit REL

Answer 203

REL’s are the exposure limits recommended by the national Institute of occupational safety and health NIOSH

REL’s are science base recommendations rather than legal standards. They are based on animal and human studies

Question 204

IDLH. Immediately dangerous to life and health.

Answer 204

N iOS 8 defined immediately dangerous to life and health as a situation that possesses the threat of exposure to airborne contaminants, when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate, or delayed permanent, adverse health effects, or prevent escape from such an environment

Death or harm within 30 minutes

Question 205

LD 50. Lethal dose, 50%.

Answer 205

The LD of a substance is a single dose that will cause the death of 50% of a group of test animals exposed to it by any route OTHER THAN INHALATION

Question 206

LC 50. concentration, 50%.

Answer 206

The LC is the median lethal concentration of a hazardous material. It is defined as the concentration of a material in air that, on the basis of laboratory tests and halation route, is expected to kill 50% of a group of test animals when administered in specific time period

Question 207

LC Low/LD Low

Answer 207

The LC & LD are the lowest concentration

, that will kill one subject of the test population when administered for a specific time.

Question 208

EPRG value

Answer 208

The PRG exposure guidelines have been developed by the American industrial hygiene association at a level of concern for evaluating public protective, action options. The AIHA has a Gentefied 100 chemicals for which it will develop EPRG’s most of which are extremely hazardous substances(EHS) with airborne hazards

I.e.: Corine, anhydrous, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide

Question 209

The lower the concentration of a material

Answer 209

The more toxic material is

Question 210

Vapor dispersion

Answer 210

Vapors from certain materials can be dispersed, or moved using water spray, fans, blowers, or compressed air. Strong consideration must be given to the end result of this action. This person, because large quantities of contaminated, runoff, or reduction of the concentration of a flammable gas or vapor into its flammable range

Question 211

Vapor suppression

Answer 211

Do use of foam in firefighting application has become a common practice. Phone can be utilized to suppress vapors of flammable and combustible liquids, as well as other hazardous materials.

You must know what the characteristics of dispelled product our quiz film, forming foam AFFF and alcohol resistant, AFFF are the most common types of farm available for the fire service. AFFF is often used on flammable and combustible spills to suppress the vapors and prevent ignition. Remember, combustible liquids have a relatively high flashpoint, but may have a low ignition temperature.

Remember, if the spill involves a polar solvent, AFFF will be dissolved, rendering the foam ineffective

Fuel such as gasoline may have ethanol and methanol as additives alcohol resistant AFFF, foams are affective on both hydrocarbons and polar solvent fuels, reducing the risk of phone breakdown

Question 212

Basic foam flow rate for hydrocarbon fuels

Answer 212

0.1 GPM/1 ft.² or 1 GPM/10 ft.².

Question 213

Basic foam flow rate for polar solvent fuels

Answer 213

0.2 GPM/1 ft.² or two GPM/10 ft.²

Question 214

Dispersant

Answer 214

dispersants or multipliers that are applied to any oily contaminant to break up or disperse the spill . Typically used or applied after all recovery method have been completed.

Question 215

Dilution

Answer 215

Dilution is the process in which quantities of water added to a concentrated spill to render material nonhazardous

Question 216

Neutralization

Answer 216

This is the process in which an acid or a base is applied to a spilled base or acid, respectively to produce a neutral material. Bring the pH to 7, 7 is neutral on the pH scale 14 is base 1 is acid

Question 217

Solidification

Answer 217

And numerous commercially manufactured products are available for use with spills of acids, bases, fuels, and other materials. This product react chemically to completely solidify a spilled material.

Question 218

GELATION

Answer 218

Gelation is a technique in which a commercially manufactured manufactured gel forming agent is applied to a pool of contaminated material to contaminate is transformed into a child state does making recovery easier to complete

Question 219

Sorbent

Answer 219

Physical absorption is a process which means material hold liquids through the process of wedding absorption is accomplished by the increased volume of the sorbet system through a process of swelling

Question 220

Five primary sorbents

Answer 220

cellulose based-ground corn, cobs, sawdust, Pete Moss

Dirt/earth – soil and dirt

Expanded polymeric-polyethylene or polypropylene materials

Mineral and clay based - ground clay, kitty litter, vermiculite

Sand-

Question 221

Pg70

Question 222

Controlling, solid releases

Answer 222

Covering is one method

and vacuuming is another method vacuuming. The product will control its dispersion. This process allows the product to be picked up and placed in the containers.

Question 223

Hazard class one

Answer 223

Explosives or hazard class one

Question 224

Hazard class 2

Answer 224

Gases are hazard class 2

Division, 2.1 flammable gas.

Division, 2.2 non-flammable, non-poisonous compressed, gas.

Question 225

Hazard class 3

Answer 225

flammable liquids are hazard class 3

Question 226

Hazard class 4

Answer 226

Flammable solids make up hazard class 4

Division, 4.1 flammable solid.

Division, 4.2 spontaneously combustible material.

Division, 4.3 dangerous when wet.

Question 227

Hazard class 5

Answer 227

Oxidizers and organic peroxides make up hazard class 5

Division, 5.1 oxidizer.

Division, 5.2 organic peroxide.

Question 228

Class 6

Answer 228

Division, 6.1 poisonous material.

Division, 6.2 infectious substance.

Question 229

Class 7

Answer 229

Radioactive materials, make up class 7 of the hazard classes

Question 230

Class 8

Answer 230

Corrosives make up class eight of the hazard classes

Question 231

Class 9

Answer 231

Class name of the hazard class is made up of (miscellaneous materials)

Question 232

Characteristics of ignitability

Answer 232

Liquid that has a flashpoint less than 140°F

Not a liquid in capable, under standard temperature and pressure of causing fire, and Burns , so vigorously and persistently that create a hazard

Ignitable compressed, gas

Oxidizer

Organic peroxide

Meets the definition of Class A explosive or class B explosive

Question 233

Characteristics of corrosivity

Answer 233

Is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to or greater than or equal to 12.5

Is a liquid and corrode Steele at a rate greater than 0.25 inch per year

Pg76

Question 234

Characteristics of reactivity

Answer 234

Normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonation

Reacts violently with water

Forms, potentially explosive mixture with water

When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases

Cyanide or sulfide, bearing waste, which, when exposed to PH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors are fumes

Capable of detonation or explosive reaction

Question 235

Toxicity characteristics

Answer 235

Where is that when tested according to APA test methodology contains any of the contaminants listed in the section 261.2(b) Table 1

Summary of contaminants in table 1:

identifies heavy metals

Benzene and chlorobenzene compounds

Cresol (methyl phenal)

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Listed pesticides

Chlorine compounds

Question 236

Sources of hazard information data

Answer 236

Technical information centers-CHEMTREC OR CDC, NRC

TECHNICAL INFORMATION SPECIALIST -take info specials for people who can assist responders by provide specific information about materials in response

Reference manuals -ERG

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DATABASES- wiser, cameo, & etc

Question 237

ATSDR-agency for toxic substances a disease registry

Answer 237

Based in Atlanta, Georgia, part of the department of health and human services protects communities from health effects related to exposure to natural and man-made hazardous substances

Question 238

NTSIP-national toxic substance incidents program

Answer 238

The NTSIP, collects and combines information from many resources to protect people from harm, caused by spills and leaks of toxic substances

Question 239

Association of American railroads, hazardous material systems

Answer 239

In the event of a hazmat by rail incident, the train conductor provides first responders. A specific training car (CONSIST) information so they can quickly and effectively respond to the emergency.

Question 240

24 hour response: a nationwide net work of emergency response teams

CSX & Norfolk Southern

Answer 240

Where was provide a 24 hour emergency hotline number for first responders to call in the event of an emergency. They also have teams a full-time personnel and environmental, industrial hygiene, HazMat, and medical consultants and contractors. His primary focus is hazmat, safety, and emergency response.

Question 241

Mobile apps provide on the ground support

Answer 241

Ask rail app was developed by the North American class one railroads

You are G

Question 242

Technical specialists in the private sector

Answer 242

Railways – CSX a Norfolk Southern

Motor carriers- mini large, motor carrier companies, have safety person who can offer a technical a logistical assistant in the event of an accident

General industry- industrial hygienist, chemist, engineers, production manager/specialist, and safety/ health managers

Question 243

Commonwealth of Virginia agencies

Answer 243

VDEM

Department of environmental quality (DEQ)

VSP

Department of health

VDOT

Question 244

Federal agencies

Answer 244

DOC Dash department of commerce

DHHS -department of health and human services

Department of labor

DOT

Question 245

Reference manuals

Pg96

Answer 245

ERG

CHRIS -chemical hazards response information system

RSPA - research and special programs administration

NIOSH

FIRE PROTECTION, GUIDE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (FPGHM)

Emergency care for hazardous material exposure

Hawley’s , condensed chemical dictionary

Merck index

Question 246

Hazardous materials, databases

Pg97

Answer 246

CAMEO chemicals

Emergency response, decision support system

WebWISER

TOXFAQs

EXTOXNET

Hazardous substances databank, HSDB

Toxline

Registry of toxic affects of chemical substances (RTECS)

Medline

US EPA, integrated risk information system

Chemical hazard response information system (CHRIS)

Cameo

Question 247

Developing the chemical hazard profile for incident analysis

Pg98

Answer 247

Potential for energy release, and chemical reactivity

physical state of matter, based on boiling point, or melting point

Fire hazards

Health hazards

Corrosive hazards

State EMT # must be concerned about potential of energy being released, which may travel very rapidly insignificant distances to cause harm. Mechanical, radiation, thermal and chemical energy may be released from a hazard area and be a greater hazard than direct contact with materials that involve the incident.

Question 248

REFER to the chemical hazard profile work sheet

Pg99

Answer 248

Identify the material by chemical name

Determine the DOT hazard class/division

Determine the NFPA 704 hazard identification

Question 249

Evaluate energy release hazards

Pg99

Answer 249

Explosive

Chemically reactive

Polymerization

Unstable

Radioactive

Question 250

Determine the physical state of material based on ambient temperature, boiling point and melting point

Pg99

Answer 250

Gas

Liquid/gas

Liquid

Solid

Question 251

Evaluate the gas hazards

Pg99

Answer 251

Fire

Health

Corrosive

Physical behavior

Question 252

Evaluate liquid hazards

Pg 100

Answer 252

Fire
health
corrosive,
physical behavior

Question 253

Evaluate the solid hazards

Pg100

Answer 253

Fire
health
corrosive,
physical behavior

Question 254

Detection

Page 112

Answer 254

Discovering the presence of containment, or dissociated hazard in an area or environment

Question 255

Monitoring

PG112

Answer 255

The measurement of an amount of contaminant, or it’s associated hazard at a given time and location

Question 256

Sampling

PG112

Answer 256

The act of taking a small part of a material for testing in analysis

Question 257

Why perform detection and monitoring?

Answer 257

Identify the material or the nature of hazards

Track or map the movement of the material or it’s hazards

Response tactics: proper detection in monitoring of an incident scene will provide information which responders can use to make informed decisions

PPE selection : monitoring of the incident environment will allow responders to decide on the proper levels of respiratory and body protection required for site operations

Question 258

Decon

Pg112

Answer 258

Good monitoring practices can provide information to responders on the type, an extent of decontamination required

Question 259

Cleanup

112

Answer 259

Proper monitoring of the incident, say it will dictate the appropriate site cleanup procedures

Jacari detection and monitoring will provide data necessary to answer these questions, and for further decision making

Question 260

Product identification

PG113

Answer 260

Physical state; gas, liquid,

Physical properties of the material

Hazards of the material

Toxicity

Flammability

Corrosive (acidic or alkali)

Radioactive

Public protection considerations

Is there a need to evacuate?

Where are the safety zones to be established?

Our response personnel to close ?

Question 261

Atmospheric monitoring

Page 113

Answer 261

Evaluating the presence of hazardous gases, or vapors and/or energy in a general area or environment. This helps determine the types and levels of hazard in a work area, such as an outdoor space, building a room, or confined space.

Question 262

When entering an area where hazard is not identified, always monitor for these hazards,

113

Answer 262

Radiation

Flammable vapor’s

Oxygen concentration

Toxic gases

Question 263

Known material; detection and monitoring

P114

Answer 263

Determine the presence and concentrations of material

Helps to develop the chemical hazard profile and identify the hazards present

Question 264

Detection and monitoring

Unclassified are unknown materials

Answer 264

Determines what has are present

May help to Jennifer immaterial by chemical family

May not be able to accurately determine the concentrations of a material

Relies on observing the response of the instrument

Question 265

Decision making

Page 115

Answer 265

The purpose is to use a logical and orderly procedure, when using detection in monitoring equipment to prioritize the major hazards of products involved

Level of protection required

Location and boundaries of control zones

Level of Decon required

Evacuation areas

Question 266

Questions that must be answered, include:

116

Answer 266

What are the hazards of the material?

What are the physical characteristics? (research)

Is the material radioactive (research and monitoring)

Is the material flammable (research)

Is the material toxic? (monitoring)

Is material corrosive ?(monitoring)

Question 267

High energy release

116

Answer 267

Unexpected release of chemical energy: (explosions, chemical reactions, heat, pressure, gas)

or ionizing, radiation (i.e: alpha, beta, gamma , neutron)

Question 268

Flammability

116

Answer 268

The production of atmosphere, where vapors can ignite and burn

Question 269

Oxygen deficiency

116

Answer 269

The atmosphere lack sufficient oxygen to support life below 19.5%

Question 270

Oxygen enriched

116

Answer 270

Atmospheres that provide too much oxygen, and increase the risk of fire or toxicity above 23.5% RKI Eagle2

Question 271

Toxic

116

Answer 271

Ability to cause death or serious, debilitating injury

Question 272

Corrosive

116

Answer 272

Damaging or destructive affect to living tissue (i.e: skin, lungs, eyes) or certain metals

Question 273

Biological potential

116

Answer 273

Micro organisms and/or their byproducts that can cause illness or death

Question 274

Emergency action level

Ionizing radiation

117

Answer 274

Greater than 2 mR/hour-consult radiation specialist

um=micro

m=milli

Question 275

Flammability

117

Answer 275

The action level for flammability is greater than 25% of the LAL explosive/extreme fire hazard, leave area immediately in ventilate

Question 276

Oxygen and rest environment

117

Answer 276

Greater than 23.5% volume in the air increased fire hazard, secure oxidizer in ventilate.

Question 277

Oxygen deficient

117

Answer 277

Less than 19.5% volume in air SCBA. required.

Question 278

Exposure limits for selected compounds

Answer 278

Check chart below

Question 279

Radiation terminology

Roentgen (R)

117

Answer 279

A measure of the ionization of molecules are in a cubic centimeter of air

Most instruments are red in roentgen or roentgens per hour

Question 280

Radiation terminology

Rad-radiation absorbed dose

117

Answer 280

The basic unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation

Question 281

Radiation terminology

REM(radiation equivalent man)

118

Answer 281

A measure of the radiation affect on the body

REM

Question 282

Radiation terminology

118

Answer 282

Roentgen, REM, and RAD Are approximately equivalent for gamma radiation.

For our purposes, they mean basically the same thing.(VDEM)

Question 283

Radiation detection

Geiger Mueller tube-

Pg118

Answer 283

Gas filled Detector Dash can detect, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation enters the tube and ionizes the gas in the tube with induces an electric current. The current is measured in electrical pulses that are measured on a meter.

Question 284

Radiation detection

Scintillation detector

118

Answer 284

This is a crystal sodium iodide that when hit by radiation produces a pulse of light. The light interacts with the photo multiplier which produces an electrical signal. The electrical signal is measured to determine the amount of radiation that hit the crystal.

Question 285

Radiation survey meters

Ludlum model 2240

118

Answer 285

2240 measures, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. The instrument features auto ranging digital readout ranging from
uR/HR, mR/Hr, and R/Hr. It has an internal detection device and an external detection probe.

Question 286

Ludlum, 2241–3

118

Answer 286

Ludlum, 2241–3 measures, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

The instrument features auto ranging digital readout ranging from
uR/HR, mR/Hr, and R/Hr.

It can be used without the 4 external detection probes

Question 287

Ludlum model, 44–9 pancake style

118

Answer 287

Uses Geiger Mueller technology to detect, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation

Question 288

Ludlum model, 44–38

118

Answer 288

Uses Geiger Mueller tube with a side window to detect, beta and gamma radiation

Question 289

Ludlum model, 133–8

118

Answer 289

Uses Geiger Mueller tube to detect, gamma, radiation only

Question 290

Ludlum model 44–2

118

Answer 290

Uses scintillation to detect, low level, gamma radiation

Question 291

Dosimeters

119

Answer 291

Dosimeters are used to measure total exposure to individuals over a given period of time

Decimeters should be worn on the outside of PPE. Dosimeters should be checked at 5 to 15 minute intervals.

Readings must be recorded and reported

Question 292

Optically-stimulated luminescent dosimeter (osld)

119

Answer 292

Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter, OSLD provides permanent record of total dose accumulated. The OSLD consists of a chip of a material encased in a plastic holder. The material will trap energy related to gamma and x-rays. It is exposed to. The OSLD’s are sent to a lab where they are read. The computer print out is the legal record and is maintained for 30 years. The Virginia department of emergency manager maintains these record for response team members.

The OSLD is worn on the inside of PPE. This is done to ensure that the TLD received a dose as close as possible to what the body is actually exposed to.

OSLD’s are provided to emergency responders who may respond to incident involving nuclear power plants

Question 293

Flammability

Combustible gas indicators (CGI’s)

Answer 293

CGI as can be used to determine the presence of a flammable vapor of hydrocarbon products. They measure the flammable vapors as a percentage of the lower explosive limit. Flashpoint testers are also available for field is. These allow the responder to determine fairly accurately the flammability of an unknown material and the class a flammable or combustible liquid with which they are dealing.

Question 294

Operating principles of CGI meters

119

Answer 294

CGI is operate with a detection device of a Wheatstone bridge

This incorporate a gas (atmosphere) sample passed across a heated coil of platinum wire. That is one arm of a Wheatstone bridge system. The combustible gas causes a temperature increase which is measured as a change in the electrical resistance.

Question 295

Catalytic bead sensor

120

Answer 295

Similar to Wheatstone bridge technology dispensaries is a bullshit string of metal with a metal bead in the middle. The metal bead is coded with a catalytic material that helps to sample gas burn more efficiently. The center has two beds, as the gas burns off. There is a change in the electrical activity which provides the meter reading.

Question 296

Metal oxide sensor

120

Answer 296

The sample gas contacts, a metal oxide element that causes an increase in heat with the changes the electrical resistance. The change in the electrical current causes the meter reading. Dissenter can detect a very low levels of vapor.

Metal oxide sensor

Question 297

Infrared sensor

120

Answer 297

This sensor uses a test chamber with a light source and a detective device office at the light source. The sample gas entered into the chamber and is exposed to the light. The gas will absorb part of the infrared light and changes the amount of light that reaches the detection device.

Question 298

Interpretation of data

120

Answer 298

The change in resistance is proportional to the quantity of combustibles present, and this is indicated on an analogue scale gauge usually found with a Wheatstone bridge or on a liquid crystal display. LCD used with electrochemical cells.

Question 299

Saturations in the atmosphere

120

Answer 299

In an atmosphere that contains more than 100% of the LEL, the instrument will go to the maximum and may return quickly to zero. If the operator is not watching closely, he or she may mess it, and be in an extremely unsafe atmosphere.

Question 300

Correction factors for CGI’s

Pg121

Answer 300

CGI’s are designed to give meter readings based on a specific calibration gas used by the instrument manufacture in most cases the calibration gas is methane

Isobutylene is the calibration gas for our PID minirae 3000

Question 301

Correction factors

Answer 301

Using the correction, factor can assist in the detection and measurement of gases, other than the one way in which the instrument is calibrated for.

If necessary to monitor an atmosphere containing propane with a meter calibrated for methane, a response curve could be used to determine the actual concentration of propane

Question 302

Flammability/toxicity relationship

(PPM FREQUENTLY USED MEASURE)

121

Answer 302

Flammable range is a measurement of the amount of a substance that, when mixed with air, will ignite. This ratio is shown as a percentage of the total volume of air/ignitable vapors mixture.

When a substance is present and sufficient quantity to be measured as an ignitable mixture, it can also be measured in relationship to its total volume in the mixture, represented as part per million PPM . This measurement is the most frequently used method to determine toxicity. Give me a specific substance, and its flammable range, a measurement of its toxicity can be determined.

Question 303

Example of concentration at the LEL

Flammability /toxicity relationship

121

Answer 303

The substance is present in a concentration that is at the lower explosive limit. LEL, then it represents 5% of the total volume converted to parts per million. This amount equals 50,000 ppm lesser concentrations can be determined by the percentage or portion of the LAL that is detected by instrumentation.

Question 304

Conversion from percentage of LEL to parts per million (ppm’s)

122

Answer 304

1% by volume in air equals 10,000 ppm

Question 305

Limitations of CGI meters

122

Answer 305

Most instruments require a minimum of 10% oxygen to operate

Atmospheric levels over 23% oxygen worldwide in the flammable range of vapors and give false readings

Most CGI should not be used in atmosphere containing silicon compounds, sulfur, compounds, and leaded gasoline

Well, not to text, flammable, mists, or dust

Question 306

Maintenance of CGI meters

122

Answer 306

Manufactures instructions must be followed

Always do scheduled maintenance

Power source – usually dry cells are rechargeable, NiCad batteries

Question 307

Instruments to be used in flammable environment are constructed to prevent ignition of the atmosphere being tested. There are three methods of construction used

122

Answer 307

Explosion proof – ignition source contained in special enclosure, gas is called prior to exit.

Intrinsically safe – insulating material used to prevent arcing

Purged – a steady stream of inert gas passes through the detector to keep flame out.

Question 308

CGI meter calibration

123

Answer 308

Calibration of instrument should be conducted routinely following the manufacturers recommendations, and
(preferably before each use)

Use only manufacturer supplied or recommended calibration gas.

Proper recordkeeping and documentation is required

Question 309

CGI meter continued

Oxygen concentration

123 how

Answer 309

Oxygen sensors are used to monitor the percent of oxygen in air, generally measure over a range of 0 to 25% oxygen

Question 310

CGI, meter oxygen concentration, operating principle

123

Answer 310

Operating principle, uses electrical chemical cell sensor to determine the oxygen concentration. The sensor consists of two electrodes, a basic electrolytic solution, and a semi permeable membrane. The oxygen diffuses through the membrane into the solution, causing a reaction that produces a minute current. This current is then measured relative to the oxygen concentration.

Question 311

Levels of oxygen CGI meter continued

123

Answer 311

Atmospheric oxygen is 21%

Less than 19.5% equals oxygen deficient atmosphere OSHA requires the use of SCBA or SAR.

Greater than 23.5% oxygen in Virginia occupational health safety deems this environment to be oxygen, enriched atmosphere, extreme fire, and or explosion hazard

Question 312

If any oxygen rich atmosphere is detected, the responder must determine the cause of the excessive oxygen content (how is this done?)

123

Answer 312

Is there a leak?

Is some other oxidizer present, which could cause a false reading

And oxygen in Richmond Fire Mitchell is an extremely dangerous situation. The presence of oxidizing gases can widen the flammable range of combustible vapors.

Question 313

Limitations of oxygen sensors for CGI

124

Answer 313

Altitude, dependent high altitude, indicates a low reading, or at low altitude a higher reading.

Oxygen sensors have a limited shelflife usually 1 to 2 years

Oxidizers will give a high reading, examples, ozone and chlorine

High CO, concentrations limit sensor life

May be affected by changes in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure

Maybe adversely affected by high concentrations of carbon monoxide-CO and carbon dioxide-CO2

Question 314

Calibration of CGI meters

124

Answer 314

Calibration of instrument should be conducted routinely following the manufacturers recommendations, preferably before a to use

Question 315

Toxic vapors (detection, and monitoring)

124

Answer 315

Several types of instruments can be used to measure toxic exposures. Some of these instruments are designed to measure a specific chemical, such as hydrogen sulfide- H2S, carbon monoxide-CO, chlorine, and some may measure more than one.

Question 316

Toxic gas sensors

124

Answer 316

Are used to detect and measure the presence of gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, H2, S, and carbon monoxide CO and chlorine and a broad range of other chemicals

Question 317

Operating principle of CGI meter

124

Answer 317

The majority of instruments use an electric chemical cell that contains an electrolyte solution. As the test gas passes through the semi-permeable membrane into the electrolyte solution, a change in the amount of electrical resistance is noted and read, as ppm or percent of volume on the gauge or display

Question 318

Examples of toxic gases

124

Answer 318

Carbon monoxide: any atmosphere with a concentration of 50 ppm or more of CO OSHA requires SCBA or SAR.

Question 319

SAR

Answer 319

Supplied air respirator this is an option similar to an SCBA

Question 320

Hydrogen sulfide

Low levels

125

Answer 320

Sewer Gas

At 1 ppm, you can smell the odor

At 20 ppm you have reached the OSHA pel ceiling

At 100-150 ppm there is no odor. Do you have a irritation, visual, distortion, headache, nausea, dizziness, irritation of ears, nose, or throat.

Question 321

Hydrogen, sulfide,

high levels

125

Answer 321

300 ppm- loss of consciousness, pulmonary edema

500 to 1000 ppm -paralyzed sense of smell, difficulty breathing

1000 ppm or more -stops breathing mechanism, death

Question 322

True or false

High levels of CO/H2 S can become a fire or explosion hazard

125

Answer 322

True

Question 323

Calibration,

CGI meter

125

Answer 323

I calibration of instruments should be conducted routinely following the manufacturers recommendations, and preferably before each use

Question 324

Photoionization detectors (PID)

125

Answer 324

PIDs are used to detect either qualitative or quantitative presence of organic and inorganic compounds

Question 325

PIDs are made up of

125

Answer 325

The PID consists of an ultraviolet lamp and an ion chamber. The PID measures the concentration of gas is present in a sample using photo ionization. Photo ionization occurs when the molecule absorbs a photon/light energy of sufficient energy to cause an electron to leave its orbital and create a positive ion

Question 326

Ionization potential IP

125

Answer 326

Ionization potential of a molecule is that energy in electron volts(eV) required to free and electron from the molecule

Question 327

Electron volt, eV

125

Answer 327

Unit of measure of the ionization potential

Question 328

Ionization potential IP

125

Answer 328

The energy required to remove the outer most electron from the molecule (vapor) being tested.

It is specific for individual compounds

Question 329

PID limitations

125

Answer 329

Ultraviolet light is affected by radio waves

Dirt or dust on lamp windows affect the reading

Condensation on lamp windows affects the reading as well

Question 330

Flame ionization detector

126

Answer 330

The FID is an ionization detector that uses a hydrogen flame to ionized the sample gas. The hydrogen flame can ionized in the organic material with an IP of (15.4 or less.) The ion current is converted to a meter reading. If ideas used to detect, volatile, hydrocarbons, and many carbon containing compounds.

Question 331

ColorMetric tubes

126

Answer 331

Detector tubes, which allow responded to evaluate potential hazards, quickly, operate by drawing an air sample through a tube. The sample gas reacts with the reagent inside the tube, cause the color change, indicating the presence and concentration of the material in the air.

Question 332

FID lamp

125

Answer 332

15.4 or less

Question 333

Purpose of colormetric tubes

126

Answer 333

Use for the detection of specific vapors, and also for aiding in the identification of unknowns

Qualitative -the positive or negative of product

Quantitative - measurable to determine the amount and proportions

Question 334

Operating principle of colorMetric tubes

126

Answer 334

Indicator tube: sealed glass tube, which contains chemical reactions. Specific tube is used for sampling vapors only of a specific chemical or chemical family. It’s too bad the specific set of instructions. The end or broken off the tube when it is used.

A pump, bellows, piston, or automatic, is used to draw/grab a sample of the vapor into the tube.
The number of strokes/pumps that is required to pull a constant amount of air through the tube at a predetermined rate is found in the instructions, or on the tube itself.

The sample of air introduced into the tube will react with three agent and a stain will result. The length of the stain is a measure of the chemical vapor concentration, and there’s usually read as parts per million of contaminant. Most tubes are marked with a graduated, scale or a comparison tube will be used for determining the relative quantity of a vapor.

(~ different types of tubes include directed reading, comparison, ampoule, connecting, the fusion, and special)

Question 335

ColorMetric tubes and decision matrix

127

Answer 335

Those two manufacturers provide a decision matrix that can be used to identify unknown materials. Most systems use a non-quantitative tube, (poly test, poly tech) to determine whether or not a material is organic or non-organic. Hey series of tubes, which are sensitive to specific chemical families, and then used to narrow the field of the search.

Other message to detection will be required to fully determine the identity of an unknown. Equipment like the Cgi and pH paper will be needed to assess most products.

Question 336

Interpretation of data

ColorMetric tubes

127

Answer 336

The tubes are used to confirm the presence of known materials or identifier size characterize, unknown materials.

The length of staying in The kslay amount of vapor concentration. The vapor concentration will usually be expressed in ppm. The number of ppm is ascertained by comparing the length of stay in to the scale/directed reading on the tube or by use of a color comparison tube. Numerals on the scale may have to be multiplied by a conversion factor to determine the quantity.

Most tubes are chemical specific. Some tubes across sensitive. The other chemicals in accuracy of the reading may be affected.

Once the level of concentration is determined, one must be able to compare findings to ID, LH, TLV, P E,L, etc. in order to reevaluate work zones, Decon, etc.

Question 337

Limitations of ColorMetric tubes

127

Answer 337

They have a shelf life of 1 to 3 years

Moisture and temperature can affect readings. Hot weather increases reaction: cold weather slows reaction.

difficulty with interpretation, for example, does slight staining indicate positive for staining of 1/3 of the tube with one stroke?

Different brands of tubes, and the tubes or pumps are not interchangeable

Question 338

Meters & corrosivity

128

Answer 338

Corrosivity is measured by determining the pH of a material. This can be done by using pH paper or page meters. These paper changes color.

Change in color on pH paper indicating the pH level, by comparing The paper to the color chart provided you can now tell whether material is an acid or a base the pH is indicated

pH meters is a probe that is inserted into the material: the pH is indicated on the meters display pH meters provide a more accurate reading than pH paper

Question 339

Operating principles: pH paper

Color method involves

128

Answer 339

Litmus paper which turns blue when there is an alkaline president or turns red when there is an acid presen litmus paper which turns blue when there is an alkaline president or turns red when there is an acid present

pH paper is treated paper which indicates whether the solution is acidic or alkaline body association of color to a numerical value.

Question 340

Operating principles pH meters

128

Answer 340

pH meters utilize the following:

Measuring electrode: a special glass ball that is sensitive and selective to H+ions

Reference electrode: complete circuit between the measuring electric, through the meter, and into the sample (solution)

Meter: electrically displays the voltage input from the electrodes

Question 341

Interpretation of data

pH paper

128

Answer 341

Use of a color or scale with ascertain whether a solution is acidic, alkaline, or neutral

Wet paper indication

Question 342

Limitations of pH paper

128

Answer 342

Perception of color and or color blindness

Died Solutions may master color change of the paper

Some solutions may bleach out the paper

The color can be obscured by Greece, slides, or highly turbid waters (lots of sediment in the water/solution)

Question 343

Limitations of pH meter
128/129

Answer 343

Meter drift: hard to stabilize with low or high ionic strength Solutions

Power source battery or AC

Must be calibrated before use and buffer solutions must be used to obtain correct readings

Temperature dependent

Question 344

Water finding test paper:

operating principle

129

Answer 344

Do use of white witness paper that turns lavender in the presence of water. The paper changes colors in the presence of extremely small concentrations of water, so it may indicate the presence of water and other materials are present

Question 345

Water finding test paper

Interpretation of data

129

Answer 345

Color change on paper indicates water. This may indicate that the material is all water or have trace amounts of water in the solution or mixture

Question 346

limitations of water finding paper

129

Answer 346

Dyed Solutions may mask color change

Some solutions may bleach out paper

Sensitivity to humidity

Greece, slides, or highly turbid waters kind of scare the color

Does not detect other hazards present

Question 347

Other instruments and specialized kits

129

Answer 347

Several types of instruments and kits can be used to detect or measure the presence of toxic materials. These instruments or test kits are designed to measure specific chemicals or categories of chemical hazards

Question 348

Pesticide test kits

129

Answer 348

Operating principles: test kits are good for the detection of organophosphate and carbonate pesticides which represent 85% of products currently used

Always follow manufacturers instructions

Question 349

Interpretation of data: Other instruments and specialized kits

129

Answer 349

Ticket contains cholinesterase what’s the changes color in reaction to the pesticide. If a ticket changes to Blue, no pesticide is present; if a ticket changes white, contamination is present

As a failsafe, if the test fails, I think it remains white as a safety measure, as it assumes there may be contamination until proven otherwise

Question 350

Limitations of specialized kits

130

Answer 350

Range of detection: 0.1 to10 ppm

Limited accuracy, lab follow up necessary

Limited shelflife

Question 351

PCB test kits

Operating principles

130

Answer 351

Chemical reaction causes a color change in a reagent.

Follow manufactures instructions

Question 352

Hey CB test kits

interpretation of data

130

Answer 352

Color changing solution indicates the presence of PCBs

available in different ranges
50\100\500 ppm

Question 353

PCB test kits

EPA regulations

130

Answer 353

Less than 50 ppm not contaminated

50–499 ppm PCB contaminated

Greater than 500 ppm PCB oil

Question 354

PCB test kits

For disposal

130

Answer 354

The waste oil must be burned and then incinerator at 1200°C for two seconds

regulated by 49 CFR part 761.60

Question 355

PCB test kit limitations

130

Answer 355

Limited shelf life

Must come in contact with product

Limited accuracy

Field testing only - lab follow up as necessary

Question 356

Chlorinated solvent test kits

Clore d tect kits

Operating principles

130

Answer 356

Chemical reaction causes a color change in a reagent

Question 357

Chlorinated solvent clor detector kits

Interpretation of data

130

Answer 357

Color changing solution.

Range of detection 1000 ppm/4000 ppm

EPA regulations 40 CFR 261: greater than 1000 ppm of chlorine and oil is considered hazardous waste

Question 358

Limitations

of chlorinated solvent chlor detector kits

130

Answer 358

Limited shelf life

Must come in contact with the product

Limited accuracy

Field testing only lab follow up is necessary

Question 359

Protein test kits

131

Answer 359

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 360

Protein test kits

131

Answer 360

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 361

Protein test kits

131

Answer 361

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 362

Protein test kits

131

Answer 362

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 363

Protein test kits

131

Answer 363

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 364

Protein test kits

131

Answer 364

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 365

Protein test kits

131

Answer 365

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 366

Protein test kits

131

Answer 366

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab was placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 367

Protein test kits

131

Answer 367

These test kids measured the presents for absence of a protein in a sample. Samples are collected using swab treated with special chemical. Swab is placed in a tube with a chemical reagent and a color change indicates the presence of a pro team. A positive test for protein indicates the possibility of a biological agent

Question 368

M8/M9 paper or tape

131

Answer 368

Used to detect the presence of nerve or blister agents and liquid or aerosol form. The paper or tape must contact the Sampl liquid and a positive reading as indicated by color change. There may be false positives to common household products

Question 369

M8 paper/M9 tape

Maintenance of detection and monitoring equipment

131

Answer 369

Read and follow manufacturers recommendations

Power supply keep batteries charge to operating range or replace as required according to designed service life

Keep equipment, clean and purge with fresh air to remove any contaminants from sensing Chambers

Turn components of limited service live or maybe contaminated by certain chemicals or conditions. Replace components as recommended by manufacture. ColorMetric tubes and the Texans cells have a definitive service life.

Question 370

HMT PPE

TRACEM

136

Answer 370

TRACEM will help hazardous materials technicians, getting idea of the various types of hazards.

TRACEM -thermal, radiation, asphyxiation, chemical, ideological, and mechanical

Question 371

Methods of protection, for the HMT

136

Answer 371

Three basic methods of protection from hazardous materials are time distance and shielding

Of the three time and distance require no special equipment

Question 372

Time distance and shielding

137

Answer 372

Time- minimize time of exposure

Distance maximize the distance from the hazard

Shielding-this requires the use of special equipment, and then a fine and selecting special chemical protective equipment as part of the planning process

Question 373

PPE selection factors

3 major factors

137

Answer 373

The person- physical condition the HMT must be in good physical condition, capable of working in CPE, extreme temperatures and humidity conditions, and being able to perform strenuous work in these conditions. Pre-entry medical evaluation with vitals within acceptable limits. Need to be done prior to entering CPE and hazardous material situation’s.

Question 374

Baseline Medical surveillance

29-CFR 1910.120

137

Answer 374

The medical exam should be done every 12 months unless attending physician believes a longer interval is appropriate(never greater than biannually)

Question 375

Medical surveillance 24 hours prior to event

137

Answer 375

The technician Shawna had consumed any alcohol or drugs, prescription or illegal within the past 24 hour. The recent use of alcohol or drugs should be a disqualification factor for any entry personnel. They TMT should be adequately hydrated to prevent heat related illness.

Question 376

Personal protection, for the HMT

138

Answer 376

Protecting the HMT includes the use of protective barrier or equipment to prevent the HMT from directly contacting the hazard. Shielding or protective equipment is not universal, and it does not eliminate the hazard. It is used to prevent the HMT from being exposed to the hazard and contaminated or harmed.

Question 377

Respiratory protection, PPE

OSHA MINIMUM LEVEL OF PROTECTION for emergency response

139

Answer 377

The minimum level of protection OSHA requires for emergency response is positive pressure, self-contained, breathing apparatus, whenever the atmosphere is known or suspected to be oxygen deficient 19.5% or less or IDLH positive pressure SCBA must be used.

Question 378

Types of respiratory protection

3 types of respiratory PPE

139

Answer 378

APR-air purifying respirator

SAR -supplied air respirator

SCBA -self-contained breathing apparatus

Question 379

Quantitative testing a breathing apparatus

140

Answer 379

If the where can smell the substance, this indicates a leak

If the ideal age is toxic or oxygen deficient, you must wear an SCBA, or SAR

Question 380

Respiratory PPE non-IDLH environment

140

Answer 380

APR is appropriate whenever it is not deemed to be an IDLH

Gas or vapor particulate -APR WITH CHEMICAL FILTER OR CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE

Question 381

Self-contained, breathing apparatus SCBA

141

Answer 381

The principal operation is open circuit, design, stores, air in the cylinder, which passes through a series of regulators to a usable pressure. All personnel should be familiar with their operation and components.

Question 382

Advantages of SCBA

141

Answer 382

Provides the highest available level of protection, protects against most airborne contaminants, high mobility

Question 383

Limitations of SCBA

141

Answer 383

S BBJ may be exposed to contaminate atmosphere other than when used with level a CPE, Limited duration, & no back up system

Question 384

Airline/supplied air respirator

141

Answer 384

And this type of operation, air supply to the user from a large volume cylinder or compressor, was supply hose connected to a suit or mask

Components include for facepiece

Regulator at cylinder

Cylinder of compressed air to (2216/4500 psi )

High pressure hose

Escape bottle for a minimum of 5 minutes

Question 385

Advantages of airline/supplied air respirator

141

Answer 385

Longer duration, lighter weight than SCBA

Question 386

Limitations of SAR -supplied air respirator

Answer 386

SAR has limited mobility with airline

Length of her is limited to 300 feet

Chemical resistance of airline

Requires the use of an escape pack

Must have supervision at supply area

Responder can become entangled

Question 387

APR. Air purifying respirator

142

Answer 387

APR airfare for a respirator these use a filter or sorbet to remove airborne contaminants, are designed for use only in atmospheres that contain enough oxygen to sustain life

They should only be used when the hazard and concentration of the hazardous material is known that level must be within limitations of the filter being used

The life of filtering cartridges depend on the concentrations present, the type of filter, material being used, and the breathing volume of the user

Question 388

True or false

APR should not be used by initial responders to the emergency involving hazardous materials

142

Answer 388

True as you do not know what the hazard is

Question 389

Different types of APR’s

142

Answer 389

Full face

Half face

Powered air purifying respirator, PAPR

Question 390

Components of an APR

142

Answer 390

face-piece full or half

Filter cartridge Dash particular, gas/vapor, combination

Question 391

Advantages of APR’s

142

Answer 391

Greater mobility

Lightweight

No sudden failures

Allows for longer work periods

Question 392

Protection from thermal harm

143

Answer 392

Structural firefighting, PPE provides the best protection from thermal harm

Question 393

Flask, overprotective suits, and or proximity suits

143

Answer 393

This is provides short duration in close proximity protection, the radiant heat temperatures as high as 2000°F and may withstand some exposure to water and steam

Question 394

True or false proximity suit or not design for fire entry

143

Answer 394

True

they do not designed for fire entry

Question 395

Low temperature gear

144

Answer 395

The temperature gear, boots, gloves, etc. provide some degree of protection of the encapsulated chemical protective clothing from contact with the low temperature, gases and liquids. They are worn outside of the encapsulated, chemical, protective clothing. They are used only when the risk requires them

Question 396

Fire entry suit

143/144

Answer 396

These suits are built to withstand up to 2000°F, they are composed of a coat pants, boots, glove and hood. It is made up of many layers of flame retardant materials, the outer layers usually aluminized.

Question 397

True or false

no single type of CPC is suitable for all types of hazardous incidents

144

Answer 397

True- no one type of CPC is suitable for all hazardous incidents. It is very dependent upon the chemical and or hazardous material.

Question 398

Level A Suit

145

Answer 398

Chemically protected from gas vapor liquid

SCBA used for respiratory protection

NFPA 1991 standard on vapor protective ensembles for hazardous materials emergencies

Question 399

Level B suit

145

Answer 399

Level B

liquid splash chemical protection

SCBA for respiratory protection

NFPA 1992 standard on liquid, splash, protective, ensemble, and clothing for hazardous material emergencies

Question 400

Level C suit

145

Answer 400

Chemical protection, liquid splash

Respiratory protection, APR

NFPA 1982 standard on liquids, place protective ensemble, and clothing for hazardous material emergencies

Question 401

Level D suit

145

Answer 401

Chemical protection – limited

Respiratory protection, none

No NFPA standard applies to

Question 402

NFPA, 1994

146

Answer 402

Standard unprotected ensembles for first responders to CBRN terrorism incidents

Purpose: of this standard shall be test that was a minimum levels of protection for emergency, first responders in person outside the incident involving CBRN agents

Question 403

CBRN terrorism event, protective ensembles, and ensemble

146

Answer 403

Elements that multiple elements categorize this class to class three or class for CBRN protective ensembles and ensemble elements designed to provide minimum full body protection against exposure to chemical biological terrorism agents occurring during chemical biological terrorism emergencies

Question 404

Class 2 CBRN protective ensemble

146

Answer 404

Class 2 zone to protect in emergency, first responder personnel at Terry Simmons events involving vapor or liquid chemical hazards where the concentrations are at or above IDLH and requiring the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, SCBA

Question 405

Class 3 CBRN protective ensemble

146

Answer 405

Class three is designed to protect emergency, first responder personnel at terrorism incidents involving low levels of vapor or liquid chemical hazard where concentrations are below idea lights levels permitting to use of CBRN air purifying, respirators, APR or CBRN PAPR powered air, purifying respirators

Question 406

Class 4 CBRN

146

Answer 406

Class four is designed to protect emergency, first responder personnel at terrorism incidents involving biological hazards or radiological particulate hazards, or the concentrations are below ideal. Its levels permitting the use of APR respirators, or PAPR respirators.

Question 407

Level A vapor protection

147

Answer 407

Level A protection should be used when

The hazardous material has been identified, requires the highest level of protection for skin, eyes, and respiratory system, based on either the measured or potential for high concentration of atmospheric vapors, gases, or particulates, or the site operations and work function of a high potential for splash, immersion, or exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, or particulates of materials that are harmful to scan or capable of being absorbed through intact skin

Substances, with high degree, or hazard to skin, are known, or suspected to be present as skin contact as possible; or operations must be conducted, and can find or poorly ventilated areas, and the absence of conditions requiring level eight has not yet been determined

Question 408

Level A components

Plus optional components
147

Answer 408

Totally encapsulated chemical protection suit

Positive pressure SCBA

Gloves, outer, chemical resistant

Gloves in there, chemical resistant

Boots, chemical resistant steel toe, and shank

Two way radio

Optional Equipment:

internal cooling vest

Coverall cotton/nomex , etc.

Long, cotton underwear

Hardhat

Question 409

Flash- covers

148

Answer 409

There’s no one CPC to protect entry personnel from both chemical and thermal hazards. Plus covers over TECP suits may not be the ensemble of choice when both thermal and chemical protection is needed.

Question 410

Cryogenic covers

148

Answer 410

Protective clothing design for use when working near cryogenics. They will NOT protect the wearer from Direct cryogenic exposure. It’s limited purpose is to protect the wearer with handling equipment, which has been exposed to cryogenics.

Question 411

Design features of totally encapsulated chemical protective suit

(TECP)

148

Answer 411

Bat wing sleeves

Reinforce face shield

Size variety

Seemed may be reinforced in one or more ways, stretching, strapping, cement, welding sealant

Glove/sleeve interface club attached to level a suits must be attached to the garment in a gas type manner (i.e. concentric rings, ring/clamp, connect rings)

Boot size pants in your face- boots in the same manner as a glove also over boots can be worn outside of the material but suit must be gas tight

Exhaust valve, these are used to prevent over-pressurizing encapsulated suits
(there are two types of valve, flapper, and string/spring valves)

Face shields they may be removal or permanently attached to suits. Sunvisor susceptible to crazy surface cracking up on exposure to certain chemicals.

Question 412

Level B protection with SCBA

149

Answer 412

Level B protection should be used when:

The type of atmospheric concentration of substances has been identified and require a higher level of respiratory protection, but less skin protection

This involves atmospheres, with ideal light concentrations of specific substances that do not represent a severe skin hazard, or that do not meet the criteria for use of air purifying respirators (APR)

The atmosphere contains less than 19.5% oxygen.

The presence of an completely identified vapors or gases, is indicated by directed reading, organic vapor, detection instrument, but vapors and gases are no not to contain high levels of chemical harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through intact skin

The presence of liquids or particulates is indicated, but they are known not to contain high levels of chemical harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through intact skin

Question 413

Components of level B protection

149

Answer 413

Chemical protective, splash suit

Positive pressure SCBA

Gloves, outer chemical resistant

Glove and or chemical resistant

Boots, chemical resistant steel toe, and shank

Two way radio

Hardhat

Question 414

Level B protection characteristics

149

Answer 414

Level be, for Taxi cannot keep out vapors or gases that contain high concentrations of chemicals they may harm to scan, or that may be absorbed through the skin. Level B should not be used when the work being performed is likely to generate high concentrations of gases or splashes of materials that will affect exposed skin.

Question 415

Permeation

152

Answer 415

Process by which a chemical move through the protective clothing material on a molecular level

Breakthrough time, and or permeation rate

Question 416

What is the breakthrough time of chlorine on a PVC suit?

152

Answer 416

Corine has 120 minute break their time on a PVC suit

Question 417

Factors that influence permeation

152

Answer 417

Temperature

Thickness of protective material

Concentration of chemical

Multi component in liquids

Question 418

Penetration

152

Answer 418

The flow of a chemical through closures, seems and pinholes or other imperfections, and a protective clothing material on a non-molecular level, follows, natural path or man-made holes does NOT eat through the material

Question 419

Potential points of penetration

153

Answer 419

Seems
Exhalation valve
hand, and foot joints
Face shield, assemblies

Question 420

Degradation

153

Answer 420

Degradation is the harmful change in one or more physical properties of a protective clothing material. Did you contact with chemical. The Gracian is the actual destruction of material and there’s also the most obvious form of chemical contamination.

Question 421

Signs of degradation include

153

Answer 421

Stiffness

Bubbling

Tackiness (soft and sticky)

Cracking/crazing and face shield, or other hard plastic

Question 422

Most common way to determine chemical resistance for CPPE

153

Answer 422

Compatibility chart are used in the selection of chemical protective clothing. This is sometimes a complicated process. There are several factors that must be taken into account, including chemical resistant. The level of protection required compatibility charts are the most common way to determine the chemical resistance.

Question 423

Information on chemical compatibility chart

154

Answer 423

Chemicals tested

Test methods

Terminology

Special notation

Question 424

Limitations of compatibility chart

154

Answer 424

Limited amount of products

Different concentrations of material from concentration involved at the answer that question

Test results derive from test done on pure compound only; mixtures not included

Question 425

Sources of compatibility data

154

Answer 425

Manufactures compatibility charts

Safety data sheets

Industrial hygienists

Independent sources

ACGIH guidelines (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)

Computer databases

Question 426

Responsibilities of the hazmat, safety officer

155

Answer 426

Review and confirm that PPE selected as appropriate for the hazards identified

I’m sure that all PPE being used it inspected and is in proper operational condition

Inspector entertainment back of team members are properly wearing and using the selected PPE

Confirmed that decontamination to set up prior to entry

Monitor entry operations and status of personnel

Question 427

True or false

The city officer has the authority to stop, alter, or suspend any, and all unsafe operations

155

Answer 427

True

Question 428

True or False

Heat stress is the most common hazards encountered by emergency responders

156

Answer 428

True

Heat stress is one of the leading cause of emergency responder injury

Question 429

VDEM HAZMAT HAND SIGNALS

160

Answer 429

Waiving right arm=distress/help

Hands on head=OK

Fist on heart up to chin=low on air

Cut throat= out of air

Pointing with right fist = Danger

Question 430

How much air do you have inside Level A

161

Answer 430

You have approximately 5 minutes of air in a level A suit

Question 431

Emergencies while working in CPPE

161

Answer 431

Loss of air supply

Loss of CPPE integrity or any breach or failure in chemical shielding

Loss of communications between entry in back up team members or with HazMat leaders

Injured or incapacitated entry team, member, buddy down

Question 432

Tactical safety briefing name to six steps

161

Answer 432

Hazard analysis

Signs and symptoms of exposure

Tactical objectives, including equipment necessary

Level in types of CPPE

Communications plan

Decontamination plan

Question 433

What is Fast tracking

162

Answer 433

Fast tracking or quick dress is done when there is a viable victim and a hazard area and life-saving rescue can be made

You can eliminate the pre entry medical

Question 434

Seven methods of physical decon

173

Answer 434

Brush,
dilution,
scrubbing/scraping
sorption
absorption
adsorption
vacuuming

Question 435

Other Decon methods,

not for use on personal

174

Answer 435

Steam jets
pressurized air
sandblasting

Question 436

Chemical methods of Decon (5)

174

Answer 436

Neutralization
dissolving
solidification
sterilization
surfactant

Question 437

Emergency decon

175

Answer 437

Flush>strip>Flush

Question 438

Mass decon

177

Answer 438

Strip>Flush>Cover

Question 439

Minimum requirements for medical care in the decontamination area

181

Answer 439

At minimum you need a BLS unit to standby in close proximity

Question 440

(Solution A) for Decon

185

Answer 440

Inorganic acids in metal processing waste

Question 441

SOLUTION B for Decon

185

Answer 441

Heavy metals, such as mercury, lead,
Cadium

Pesticides, chlorinated, phenols, dioxins, and PCPs

Cyanide, ammonia, and other non-acidic and organics

Question 442

SOLUTION C OR A for Decon

185

Answer 442

Solvent in organic compounds

PBBs and PCBs

Question 443

SOLUTION C Decon

185

Answer 443

Oily, greasy, unspecified waste,

(no pesticides)

Question 444

SOLUTION D Decon

185

Answer 444

An organic bases, alkali, and caustic waste

Question 445

Liquid non-bulk containers

191

Answer 445

<119 gallons

Question 446

Gas non bulk

191

Answer 446

<1000lbs of water capacity

Question 447

Bulk Liquid

191

Answer 447

> 119 Gallons

Question 448

Bulk Gas

191

Answer 448

> 1,000 lbs of water capacity

Question 449

Bulk Solid

191

Answer 449

> 882 lbs

Question 450

Intermediate bulk (IBC)

(A subset of bulk)

191

Answer 450

119-793 gallons

Question 451

Carboys

193

Answer 451

Used for liquids, our glass or plastic bottles that maybe encased in outer packaging, such as expanded polystyrene box, a wooden crate, or a plywood drum Cowboys rains in capacity to over 20 gallons

Ex: sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid, ammonium, hydroxide, and water

Question 452

Multi cell packaging

193

Answer 452

Form fitting, expanded polystyrene box and casing one or more bottles polystyrene box may be shipped with two parts blended together,

when transporting certain Department of Transportation, DOT regulated chemicals, the maximum bottle capacity is 4 Liters just over 1 gallon

Ex: multi sell, packaging, contains special chemicals for electronics, like sulfuric and hydrochloric acid and various solvents

Question 453

Pressurized 1 Ton Containers

(Multi unit tank car DOT 106A & 110 AW)

200

Answer 453

(Liquid capacity is 180-320 gallons)

Tank test pressures range from 500-1000psi

Ex: anhydrous ammonia, butadiene, chlorine, phosgene, refrigerant or dispersant gases, or sulfur dioxide.

Question 454

Specialized kits

205

Answer 454

Specialized kids are available for use in certain pressurize containers. Specific directions must be followed when using these kits

Question 455

Specialized kit, CHLORINE A KIT

205

Answer 455

100lb & 150lb CHLORINE CYLINDERS

Question 456

Specialized kits: CHLORINE B KIT

205

Answer 456

Chlorine B Kit 1 Ton chlorine containers

Question 457

Dome roof tanks

208

Answer 457

Operating pressure of 2.5 to 15 psi

Textor, flammable and combustible liquids, fertilizers, chemical solvents

Question 458

Underground storage tanks

208

Answer 458

Horizontal Takeshita, the steel, fiberglass or steel with fiberglass coating. Any tank with greater than 10% surface area underground is considered an underground storage tank does a Bull khimes Dance Phil points and potential occupancy location ie: service stations, fleet, maintenance, etc.

These things primarily store petroleum products

Question 459

High pressure horizontal tanks

209

Answer 459

Generally single sell, non-insulated tech round it ends indicate high pressure size varies in occupancy from 1,000 -3,000+ gallons usually hold

LP gas, anhydrous ammonia, high vapor pressure, flammable liquids

Question 460

High pressure spherical tanks

209

Answer 460

Single tank, non-insulated tank, painted white or highly reflective color

Capacities to 600,000 gallons these tanks may have a water spray system for fire protection typical commodity LP gases

Question 461

Cryogenic liquid storage tank

210

Answer 461

Well, insulated Thermo bottle designed primarily found and heavy industrial facilities, hospitals, and gas processing facilities

Capacities 400,000+ gallons

Typical commodities, liquid, oxygen, liquid, nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide

Problems. These are subject to thermal, chemical, and mechanical stress, BLEVE, runaway cracking,

Tactical operations require the use of a technical specialist, fire control requires termination of fuel flow special considerations are protect from thermal stress, transfer products, plug, and patch

Question 462

Distribution systems

210

Answer 462

Includes pipes, valves, pipe, lines, and control devices. They carry a variety of materials, including gases, flammable, like with an corrosive. Lines generally have signs which include product name, owner, and emergency telephone number.

Often releases in these lead to large scale incidence is a high degree of exposure to other containers. They release under pressure that may result in widespread contamination.

Question 463

Intermodal tank containers

211

Answer 463

Cylinder and close at the end by heads; capacity ordinarily does not exceed 6,340 gallons

90% of greater of these tanks or build a stainless steel: the rest are stainless steel

There are aluminum versions, but they cannot be used on water transport mode

Most common size 20 feet long or eight 8 1/2 feet wide and also 8 feet to 9 1/2 feet tall very few containers longer than 20 feet are used in US

Question 464

Take container markings

212

Answer 464

Tank containers are registered with the international container bureau in France

They must be marked with initials, reporting marks, and a tank number. The initials indicate ownership of the tank and the tank number identifies the specific tank.

10 containers must meet the design, construction and safety standards set forth by the US Department of transportation

Tanks meeting the requirements of section 600 specifications for acceptability of tank, containers and association of American railroad specifications for tank. Cars will display. The AAR 600 marking on both sides

The tank also display a country code, size/type code, tank and valve test dates and if caring, hazardous materials must be placarded

Question 465

General classes of tank containers

213

Answer 465

Nonpressure

Pressure

Specialized, (including cryogenic, a Liquid Tint containers in to modules )

Question 466

Nonpressure/low pressure tanks

213

Answer 466

Nonpressure tin containers called and I’m a little portable tanks or IM portable tanks, make up 90% of the total tank containers. Max allowed working pressure 100 psi Tanks are tested to 1.5 times the max working pressure

Question 467

IMO type 1 portable tanks

213

Answer 467

These things are book to stay in the max working pressure of 25.42 100 psi they may transport both nonhazardous and hazardous materials including toxic cursive inflammable with flashpoints below 32°F.

Typical issues, thermal mechanical stress damage may include open or , damaged valves, punches, it, splits, or tears

Solutions , plug, pads, transfer, protect from thermal stress

Question 468

IMO type 2 portable tanks

213

Answer 468

These tanks are built the withstand maximum working pressure is at 14.5 to 25.4 psi

Used to transport commodity, such as whiskey, alcohols, and some corrosive, pesticides, insecticide resin, and industrial solvents

Also flammables with flashpoints between 32°F and 140°F

Problems, thermal, mechanical stress damage me include valves, puncture, splits, or tears

Solutions plug patch transfer, protect from thermal stress

Question 469

IMO type 5 (PRESSURE TANK)

214

Answer 469

A.k.a. DOT specification 51 portable tanks

These are less common in transport

They are designed to handle internal pressures ranging from 100 to 500 psi and generally transfer. A gas is liquefied under pressure like LPG and anhydrous ammonia.

Problems Dash subject to thermal, mechanical stress, problems may include damage valves, open or damage, safety, relief, devices, runaway, cracking, punctures & splits or tears

Solution transfer, plug, Pat, venting, protect from thermal stress

Question 470

Special containers

IMO type 7

214

Answer 470

IMO type 7 are designed to carry refrigerated liquid gases, like argon, oxygen and helium. These are built to DOT SPEC 51 standard.

These consist of a tank within a tank design with insulation between the inner and outer tanks. The space between the inner and outer taxes normally maintained under vacuum.

Subject to thermal and mechanical stress, damage to insulation, damaged and or open valve or safety relief devices

Solutions Dash pet insulation later, transfer, venting

Question 471

Tube modules

214

Answer 471

Two modules are not actually portable tanks, transport bulk gases this rigid bulk packaging, consists of several horizontal seamless steel cylinders

Usually rains in size from 9 inches to 48 inches in diameter permanently mounted inside of a frame box on one end enclosing valving service pressures range up to 2400 psi

Typical commodities include liquefied gases, such as helium, nitrogen, and oxygen

Question 472

Intermodal, freight containers

215

Answer 472

Most freight containers are 8‘ x 8‘ x 20‘, or 8 x 8 x 40 and may be distinguished from semi trailer boxes by their corner castings which allow them to be secured in stacks and lifted by cargo handling equipment

They may contain a variety of hazardous materials that are shipped and other type of packages inside. The container for containers themselves may suffer, puncture, splits, and tears and closures opening up

Solutions . Transfer of material specific interior containers may be plug patched, and or overpacked are transferred.

Question 473

Highway cargo tanks

216

Answer 473

DOT cargo tanks are divided into three categories, non-pressure, pressure, and miscellaneous. All the other designs may exist.

Question 474

Non-pressure over the road cargo tanks

216-222

Answer 474

MC306/DOT406 (9,000 gallon capacity): 3-7psi @ 100°F. 8 separate compartments MWP 4psi; minimum 2.65psi
(flammables, combustibles, mild corrosives, & poison 6.1)
——————————————————-
MC 307/DOT407 (7,000 gallon capacity) horseshoe shaped MWP 40psi /minimum 25psi
pressure relief valve operates at 25psi or more or at 250°F bottom loaded and bottom, offloaded, air pressure for top or bottom offload single compartment can be as many as five compartments
—————————————————-
MC 312 /DOT 412 (5,500gal capacity)
Stainless steel or carbon steel normally non-insulated bottom loaded and offloaded air pressure used for offload

-normally single compartment with optional baffle
-max working pressure of 50 psi minimum pressure of 35 psi
Bottom loaded and bottom offloaded; air pressure used for off-load

Question 475

Pressure cargo tank

MC331

223-224

Answer 475

How many spherical shape and I don’t like shape steel

non-insulated single compartment

maximum working pressure of 500 psi, minimum pressure of 100 psi

Capacity is up to 11,500 gallons

Typical commodities, anhydrous ammonia, chlorine and liquefied petroleum Gas, propane, and butane

smallest example of pressure cargo tank is 500 to 1000 gallon nursed tank of anhydrous ammonia found in agricultural areas.

Upper 2/3 of tank, painted white and less aluminum

Question 476

Pressure tank

Misc cargo tanks

224

Answer 476

Cryogenic liquid cargo tanks, transport refrigerated liquid gases, this type of cargo tank in a tank with an a tank insulation between the inner and outer tanks that are thinking, circular and cross-section made of materials compatible with the chemicals to be transported.

They are approximately 8 feet in diameter the ends appear to be flat or almost flat.

The valving is found either ask in a squared off compartment on the back, mounted on the side, just ahead of the trailer wheels.

Design pressures range from 25.3 psi to 500 psi.

Typical commodities are cryogenic liquids, such as liquefied, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen

Question 477

Pressurize tank cars

tub trailer transport

225

Answer 477

A semi trailer for transporting bulk, non-liquefied compressed gases, although not a cargo tank is commonly called a tube trailer

The tube trailer consist of a group of seamless still containers, 12 to 48 inches in diameter permanently mounted to a semi trailer YouTube trailer may have a few has three larger cylinders or over 20 smaller ones

Tank design pressure ranges from 2000 to 5000 psi

Typical commodities include boron, trifluoride, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

Question 478

Pressurized tank cars MC338

225

Answer 478

Refrigerated tanker truck,

max working pressure 500 psi with a minimum of 25.3 psi

Typical commodities cryogen
liquid oxygen up to 5000 gallons
nitrogen 7000 gallons
Argon 4000 gallons
CO2

Question 479

Tube trailer (not DOT spec cargo tank)

226

Answer 479

-Cylinders are in mounted vehicle frame to meet DOT spec
-Made of steel
Three cylinder sizes used (3AX~3AAX~3T)

Each cylinder must have pressure relief device with vent tube

Remote emergency shut off

Typical commodities, gases, such as hydrogen, helium, carbon monoxide

Question 480

Pneumatic hopper/ dry bulk hopper

227

Answer 480

Constructed of aluminum, steel and stainless steel. 3 to 4 compartments.

Top loaded and pressurized bottom offload. Max working pressure of 25 psi

Special features include manhole with dome covers, auxiliary, engine pump

Pressure relief device – frangible disk at max 25psi; working pressure 8-10psi

Typical commodities, ammonium nitrate, oxidizers, plastic pellets, corrosive, solids, food products

Question 481

Freight container

229

Answer 481

Reusable container having a volume of 64 ft.³ or more

Question 482

Rail cars

229

Answer 482

Welcome to the gently transport it into Taxi, real equipment, freight cars, and tank cars

Freight cars: box, cars, hopper, cars, gondola cars, flat cars

Question 483

Rail tank cars

230-233

Answer 483

Non-pressure tank cars-DOT 103, DOT 111

Pressure tank, cars, DOT 105, DOT 112

Special tank cars DOT 113, DOT 107

Primary problems, mechanical and thermal stress

DOT requires markings of tech cars to indicate the car owner capacity and 10 car spec (valuable info to the responder on scene)

Question 484

Rail tank cars

234

Answer 484

Nonpressure(with, and without expansion dome) DOT 103, DOT 111

Pressurized DOT 105, DOT 112

Specialized DOT 113, DOT 107

Question 485

Non pressure tank cars

Nonpressure(with, and without expansion dome) DOT 103, DOT 111

235

Answer 485

Capacity 4,000-45,000 gallons

Pressures up to 100psig

Question 486

Pressurized tank cars

DOT 105, DOT 112

236

Answer 486

Capacity from 4,000-45,000 gallons

Tank test pressure ranges from 100-600psi

Typically have protective housing on top that contains all the valves and other fittings also have a single safety release valve or auxiliary man way cover outside the protective housing

Question 487

Specialize tank cars DOT 113

237

Answer 487

Cryogenic, tankers, transport cryogenic liquids

No top fittings; the fittings are typically enclosed and cabinets, either at ground level on both sides between the trucks or wheels

Typical commodities, liquid argon, Etheline, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Question 488

Nonbulk radioactive

240

Answer 488

Small, portable containers with a design for more every day. Use them for shipping.

Typically radiographic instruments soil density meters

Question 489

Intermediate, radioactive material containers

240

Answer 489

These containers are somewhat larger than non-bulk containers and they’re often used to package the smaller containers for shipping container forms include fiberboard, cardboard boxes, wooden boxes, and crates or steel drum

Check the transportation index

Question 490

Bulk radioactive materials

241

Answer 490

These typically are casks transporting certain radioactive materials. This rigid metal packaging ranges in size of the 10 feet in diameter, and 50 feet long some have reinforced rings or cooling fins

Question 491

Chlorine C Kit

244

Answer 491

Specialized kit for chlorine rail cars

Question 492

Midland kit

244

Answer 492

Pressure rail cars such as chlorine or other similar products

Question 493

Grounding and bonding

247

Answer 493

This is done when offloading damage tankers to a clean, tanker to move product safely off scene when the original tanker can no longer be used due to damage

Test ground resistance should be 750-OHMS or less

Connections should be 5-OHMS or less

Meter component should be zero OHMS or less