VDEM HM GUIDE Flashcards
HMT shall demonstrate the following competencies
Understand the rules and responsibilities of the HMT when responding to and operating at an incident involving hazardous material/WMD.
Understand the various terms and definitions used by the government agencies to verify and describe hazardous materials.
Understand state, and federal laws and regulations as they apply to emergency operations and the Internet involving hazardous materials/WMD.
Hazmat response, pyramid
At the top of the pyramid,
1.you have hazmat incident commander.
2.Hazmat branch management.
3.Hazmat safety officer.
Tier 2 of the hazmat response model
Hazmat specialist
Hazmat technician - they take offensive tactics to stop or clean up the product, fix the container, and or protect the environment
Tier 3 the bottom of the hazmat response model includes
I HazMat operations and HazMat awareness they take defensive tactics to isolate/evacuate And control product movement
Three major objectives to meet the goals of a hazardous material technician
(Analyze-) a hazardous materials incident, to determine the magnitude of the problem in terms of outcomes
(Plan-) a response within the capabilities of available, PPE, and Control equipment
(Implement-)the planned response to favorably change the outcomes, consistent with the organization, standard operating procedures, and or a site safety plan
Resource conservation and recovery act of 1976 RCRA
RCRA establish the federal effort in regulating, solid and hazardous waste management
Comprehensive, environmental response, compensation, and liability act of 1980(CERCLA)
CERCLA established, super fund hazardous substance cleanup program
Super fund amendments and reauthorization act of 1986 (SARA)
Requires OSHA to establish health and safety standards for workers who handle and respond to chemical emergencies
Hazardous materials as found in 49 CFR
United States, Department of transportation, DOT
Any, substance or material, which has been determined by the secretary of transportation, to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property, when transported in commerce, and which has so been designated.
Hazardous substances is found in 29 CFR
OSHA
Any substance designated or listed under paragraph eight through the of the definition exposure to which results may result in adverse effects on the health or safety of employees
Hazardous substances, CFR 40
Any substance listed in 40 CFR table 302. For that, when released into environment above a certain amount, must be reported and, depending upon the threat to environment, federal involvement may be authorized.
Extremely hazardous substance US EPA
A term used to describe sus substance is listed in 40 CFR, part 355, appendixes, A and B. These chemicals may be subject to emergency planning, and, in the event of a release emergency notification.
Hazardous waste, US EPA
A term for chemicals that are regulated under the resource, conservation and recovery act, RCRA 40 CFR, part 261. 33 cradle to grave law,
hazardous waste and transport are regulated by DOT 49 CFR parts 170- 179
Toxic chemicals
APA term for chemicals his total omission must be reported annually
Highly hazardous chemicals
OSHA time for materials covered under 29, CFR 1910.119
Process safety management
Dangerous goods
Term used by transport Canada and the NFPA
Weapons of mass destruction, WMD
Any destructive device is defined by section 921 of this title includes explosives, incendiaries and projectiles. Any weapon design intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, and or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors.
Any weapon involving biological agent, tocsin or vector.
Any weapon that is designed to release, radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life
Code of Virginia, 44–146. 34 of the Virginia code.
Hazardous materials means, substances or materials, which may pose unreasonable risk to health, safety, property, or the environment, when used, transported, stored, or disposed of, which may include materials, which are solid, liquid, or gas.
Hazardous materials may include the toxic substances, flammable and ignitable materials, explosives, corrosive, materials, and radioactive materials.
Weapon of terrorism, Virginia code title, 18.2–46.4.
Any device or material that is designed, intended, or used to cause death, bodily injury, or series, bodily harm, through the release, dissemination, or impact of poisonous chemicals; infections, biological substance; or release of radiation or radioactivity.
The HMT shall demonstrate the following safety competencies
No, the basic safety procedures for handling emergency response to a HazMat and WMD incident.
Know the components of hazmat incident, tactical and safety plan and explain what information is included needs component. .
Identify and describe the functional positions and hazmat branch group within the ICS.
Standard safety practices on hazmat events per VDEM
Follow SOP‘s. Receiving understand site safety and tactical briefing. Limit exposure to all hazards time distance and shielding.
Maintain communications.
Identify and properly wear appropriate PPE.
Always work with the buddy system.
Always have a back up crew prepared by and standing to assist entry personnel.
Establish and practice strict decontamination procedures.
Safety practices for all VDEM HAZARDOUS MATERIAL TRAINING, PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES
Attending understand safety briefing.
Follow all instructor and safety officer directions .
Utilize the required safety equipment as identified and safety briefing
Stay with your assigned group or partner
Immediately report all injuries or problems to your instructor or safety officer
In the event of an emergency during class, the following emergency procedures will be followed:
Emergency signal will sound 35 second Blasts of the airhorn.
All students and instructors will immediately sees all practical activities
All students and instructors will report to the muster point identified in the safety briefing
Personnel will be given further information instructions at that point
HAZWOPER 29, CFR 1910.120.
Overview of safety requirements based on hazardous waste operations, emergency response regulations set by OSHA
Emergency response means response, effort by employees from outside the immediate release area, or by other designated responders
Emergency response program to hazardous substance releases (29CFR 1910.120)
An emergency response plan so I’ll be developed and implemented to handle anticipate emergencies prior to commencement of emergency response operations.
The plans shall be in writing and available for inspection and copying
Elements of emergency response plan
29 CFR 1910.120
Pre-emergency planning in coordination with outside parties
Personnel, rolls, lines of authority, training, and communications
Emergency, recognition and prevention
Safety distances in places of refuge
Site security & control
Evacuation routes and procedures
Decontamination
EMS treatment and first aid
Emergency alert in response procedures
Critique a response and follow up
PPE and emergency equipment
Procedures for handling emergency response
29 CFR 1910.120 (q) (3)
The senior emergency response official responding to an emergency shall
become the individual in charge (IC) of a site-specific incident command system
(ICS).
The “senior official” at an emergency response is the most senior official on
the site who has the responsibility for controlling the operations at the site.
Initially it is the senior officer on the first-due piece of responding emergency
apparatus to arrive on the incident scene.
The IC shall identify all hazards substances or conditions present and shall
address site analysis, use of engineering controls, maximum exposure limits,
hazardous substance handling procedures, and use of new technologies.
Based on the hazardous substances and/or the conditions present, the
individual in charge of ICS shall:
Implement appropriate emergency operations
Assure that the personal protective equipment (PPE) is appropriate for the
hazards
Employees engaged in emergency operations and exposed to an inhalation
hazard or potential inhalation hazard shall wear positive-pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Limit the number of emergency response personnel at the emergency site, in
those areas of potential or actual exposure to incident or site hazards.
Operations in hazardous areas shall be performed using the buddy system in
groups of two or more.
Back-up personnel shall be standing by with equipment ready to provide
assistance or rescue. Qualified basic life support personnel, as a minimum, shall
also be standing by with medical equipment and transportation capability.
The IC shall designate a safety officer with specific responsibility to identify and
evaluate hazards and provide direction with respect to the safety of operations.
When judged to be an IDLH and/or to involve an imminent danger condition, the
Safety Officer shall have the authority to alter, suspend, or terminate those
activities.
After emergency operations have terminated, the individual in charge of ICS
shall implement appropriate decontamination procedures.
Medical Surveillance Program
29 CFR 1910.120
Purpose - Hazardous materials response personnel may be exposed to high levels of
stress, toxic chemicals, safety hazards, biological hazards, and radiation. For those
individuals who face these life-threatening emergencies, a medical surveillance
program is the cornerstone of an effective hazardous materials responder health and
safety management system. In addition, OSHA 1910.120 requires hazardous
materials employees to participate in a medical surveillance both before and during
employment.
Types of medical examinations are as follows:
Pre-employment screening: Necessary for two reasons:
A determination of fitness for duty, and
Baseline data for future exposures.
Information should include occupational and medical history, physical
examination; tests, including blood and urine; x-rays; ability to perform while
wearing protective clothing.
Annual medical exams:
To compare sequential medical information with the baseline data to determine
biologic trends that may mark early signs of adverse health effects.
They should include interval medical history: additional medical testing, i.e.
pulmonary function test, hearing test, vision test, blood and urine test when
indicated.
Termination medical exam:
At the end of employment with a response team, all personnel should have a
medical exam as described in the pre-employment exam. This should account
for the total biological effect accumulated during employment on the team.
Emergency treatment: If, at any time during employment, a team member receives an
acute exposure to either physical or chemical hazards on a site, he/she must be
examined by a physician at the nearest emergency medical facility.
Non-emergency exam: Pre-entry screening, which includes a full set of vitals to include
weight and mental condition. Post-entry screening, which is the same as exam as
Pre-entry screening, is also performed. Medical information from both screenings should be
cross-referenced which each other and past screenings.
Chemical Protective Clothing (CPPE)
29 CFR 1910.120
Chemical protective clothing and equipment to be used by HAZMAT team members
shall meet the requirements of paragraph (g) (3) through (5).
PPE shall be selected and used to protect employees form hazards and
potential hazards as identified during the site characterization and analysis.
Requires that a Personal Protective Equipment Program shall be established.
Post Emergency Response Operations
29 CFR 1910.120
Upon completion of the emergency response if it is deemed necessary to remove
hazardous substances from the site the employer shall comply with all the
requirements of paragraph
Hazardous Material Tactical and Safety Plan
The Incident Commander (IC) is responsible to develop and implement the Incident
Action Plan (IAP). Under the overall direction of the IC and to meet the objectives of the
IAP the Hazardous Material Branch Director/Group Supervisor (HMBD) is responsible
to develop and implement the Hazardous Material Tactical and Safety Plan
(HMTSP).The HMTSP should be developed for each incident prior to the
implementation of entry-level tactical control operations. All personnel operating in the
HazMat Branch must be briefed and understand the HMTSP.
Components of the Hazardous Material Tactical and Safety Plan
- Site Map – is a graphic representation of the incident site. The site map should
identify critical operational areas and incident facilities. It should include the
following:
Control zones - Hot, Warm, Cold
Work areas
Decontamination area
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Access control points
Safe refuge areas
Hazard areas identified
Topography/physical layout
Incident facilities
2. Hazard Analysis – identifies incident hazards and provides a risk analysis of the
hazards on the site.
Chemical hazards - identify chemical hazards and evaluate the risks associated
with the chemical(s) involved. This should include:
Chemical name and properties
Concentration of chemical
Health hazards - toxicity levels and route of entry
Fire hazards - degree of combustibility and ignition
potential
Reactivity hazards - chemical instability and reactivity
with other materials
Physical hazards - identify other types of hazards and the degree of harm they
present. These should include:
Energy sources
Mechanical hazards
Terrain
Confined spaces or limited access points
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Weather
3. Safety and Health Considerations – Identify the signs and symptoms of exposure to
hazardous substances and the effects on responder health if they are contaminated
or suffer a chemical injury. Identify the pre-hospital emergency care of
contaminated patients at the basic and advanced life support level. This section
should include:
Medical personnel with equipment and transportation should be on site.
Emergency medical procedures to be followed in case of injury or
contamination.
4. Tactical Objectives – Identifies what objectives needs to be accomplished to
control the hazards and protect life, critical systems, the environment and property.
Determines the tactical operations that will be implemented.
Objectives must be met to mitigate the incident. These would be part of the
action plan, but must be communicated to all responders on-site.
Standard Operating Procedures. Follow standard operating procedures and
practices at all times.
5. Scene Control Zones
Based on the type and degree of hazards the criteria to establish control zones
is established.
Identify the location of hazard area and control zones; Hot, Warm and Cold
zones.
Identify the access and exit points for the hazard area and tactical operational
areas.
6. Tactical Command Structure
Presents the ICS organizational chart of the Hazardous Material Branch.
Identifies HM Branch functions activated and personnel and resources allocated
to each functional position.
7. Site Communications
Designated radio communications
Personnel in Hot Zone should have constant communications with HM Branch
Director, HazMat Safety Officer, Entry Supervisor and backup teams. This may
be via radio on designated radio channels or by direct line of sight.
Emergency communications procedures should be established. These would
include hand signals and horns, bells or sirens.
8. Hazard Monitoring
Monitoring equipment should be used to identify the types of hazards on site and
to establish the hazard zone area.
Monitoring of hazards should include toxicity, flammability, oxygen concentration
corrosiveness and radioactivity.
The monitoring plan should include types of equipment and instruments, location
of monitoring, evaluation of instrument readings, and the criteria for action
levels.
9. PPE - Identify ensemble level and type of protective equipment necessary for
response personnel based on the site analysis and the hazards identified.
10. Decontamination
All personnel leaving the Hot Zone or those who have been exposed to chemical
hazards shall be properly decontaminated.
Identify decontaminated locations and stages/procedures of decontamination.
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Incident command system that has Matt branch or group
Incident command system ICS provides a standard system of managing an emergency incident
ICS functional elements
Command – responsible for the overall management of the Internet. Develop an implement strategic decisions approves ordering and release of resources, responsible for incident, safety, staff positions, safety officer, information, officer, and liaison officer.
Operations – responsible for the direct management of all incident tactical activities
Planning- responsible for the collection, evaluation and dissemination of tactical information, including resource status situation, status documentation, and technical specialist
Logistics – responsible for providing all support services to the Internet, including rehabilitation communications supplies, and facilities
Finance – responsible for all financial procurement services, and cost analysis
HazMat branch Director
will command and control all personnel working in the hazardous material operation area even over the (incident commander)
HazMat branch
Hazmat branch works in the operation section that hazmat branch Director will be responsible to the operation section chief, if activated or the Incident commander. (HM branch established to deal with all tactical operations)
I HazMat branch Director(Group supervisor)
The hazmat branch, Director or group supervisor depending on level of ICS activation. Report to the operation section chief or incident commander, and is responsible for the implementation of Internet action plan that deals with tactical control of hazardous material.
Duties included our safety, sight control, research, entry, and decontamination .
HazMat safety officer
The hazmat safety officer reports to the Incident safety officer as an assistant, safety officer.
HM safety officer, coordinate safety related activities relating to the hazmat branch and advises hazmat branch officer on all aspects of health and safety. They have the authority to stop or prevent unsafe acts.
.
Sight control supervisor
Reports to the hazmat branch Director, and is responsible for the establishment of the control zones and the control of movement of all people and equipment through designated access routes and the control of contaminants.
Research supervisor
Reports to hazmat branch Director and provides technical information and advice relative to chemical hazard identifies hazardous materials, collects and interprets information about the physical and chemical hazards to analyze the incident and develop a tactical/safety plan
Entry supervisor
Reports in a HazMat branch Director and is responsible for the overall entry operations in the hot zone
-supervise entry
-recommend tactical actions
- carry out tactical assignments
-maintain control of the movement of people in the hot zone
-communicate and coordinate with decon, site control, and research supervisors
Decon supervisor
Reports to the hazmat branch directors is responsible for all decontamination functions
HazMat branch chain of command
- I HazMat branch Director.
- Hazmat safety officer.
- Site control supervisor, research supervisor, entry supervisor, Decon supervisor.
Organic peroxides
Max safe storage temp
Physical states of matter(GAS)
Any substance that boils at atmospheric pressure at any temperature less than 80°F
No fixed volume or shape extremely difficult to control and contain
D.O.T -GAS
Material with a boiling point below 68°F
Compressed gas
Typically used in storage and transportation
Compressed gas is the material in a container as an absolute pressure of 40 psi at 70°F or having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130°F or any liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100°F
Liquefied compressed gas
Gases that become a Liquid in a container at (normal temperature 68°F )
Typically have a pressure between 25 to 2500 psi
Cryogenic gas
Liquefied gases with boiling points below -130 Fahrenheit
Liquid
Liquid have a fixed volume, but no fixed shape, and will take on the shape of the container. Liquids at any temperature above the freezing point will release vapors.
Liquids become gases at 760 mm/Hg
Molecular weight of air
29
How many gases are lighter than air?
16 gases float
Solid
Salads by definition, I’m not Mobile materials. They have a fixed volume and shape. However, when broken down into powder or dust form, they can be transmitted, five people, the atmosphere, or other carriers.
Some salads are water soluble it can become more hazardous when they coming to contact with liquids or tissues.
Pure substances
Homogeneous material having a constant, fixed chemical composition with no impurities. They may be an element or a compound.
I.e. oxygen, chlorine, carbon monoxide, water
Element
Simplest form of any substance cannot be decomposed into smaller units and remain that element. The smallest unit of an element is an atom.
I.e. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron, fluorine
Compounds
A substance composed of two or more elements in a chemical combination that has a fixed chemical composition
I.e. methane CH4, sodium chloride NaCl, carbon dioxide CO2
Mixture
Materials that are made from two or more substances, in varying proportions that are not chemically combined. These materials can be separated from each other by physical or chemical means.(filtering, dissolving, evaporated, etc.)
Hi E – air, kathleen, brass, wood
Solution
Uniformly dispersed mixture of one or more substances ( solute) in one or more other substances (solvent)
I.e. – liquid in liquid, alcohol – water, solid in liquid, salt – water, gas in liquid, carbon dioxide in water
Slurry
A portable mixture of a solid and a liquid
Physical properties
Boiling point
The boiling point is the temperature at which the transition from liquid to gas occurs at this temperature, the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, so that the liquid rapidly becomes a vapor.
Flammable materials with low boiling points of generally present greater problems with those with high boiling points
IE: the boiling point of acetone is 133°F, and the boiling points for jet fuel range from 400°F to 550°F
Melting point
The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. Materials with low, melting points, present problems because they melt faster and spread more easily. The reverse is also true. However, if the temperature of a liquid can be lowered, the technician may be able to convert it to a solid.
Sublimation
When a substance passes directly from a solid state to vapor state, without passing through a Liquid State, for example, Napthalene used in mothballs.
An increase in temperature increases the rate of sublimation. During an incident, the hazardous materials technician should assess the toxicity and flammability of the vapors of any material that sublimes.
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted on the inside of a closed container by the vapor in the space above the liquid in the container.
Products with a high vapor pressure, have a greater potential to breach their containers when heated, since the pressure increases as the temperature rises. Products with high vapor pressures are more volatile.
Vp measured in a few ways
-millimeters or inches of mercury-mmHg/in Hg
-pounds per square inch absolute(Psia)
-atmosphere (atm)
Examples of vapor pressure in common materials
Water= 21
Acetone(Propanone)=100
Chlorine = 4800
Critical temperature and pressure
Critical temperature and pressure relate to the process of liquefying gases. The critical temperature is a minimum temperature required to liquefy a gas, no matter how much pressure is applied.
The critical pressure is the pressure that must be applied to bring a gas to it’s liquid state
Critical temperature and pressure continued.
I guess cannot be liquefied above it’s critical temperature. The lower the critical temperature, the less pressure is required to bring a gas to a liquid state.
If a liquefied gas container exceeds critical temperature, the liquid will convert instantaneously to a gas, which may cause a container to fail violently
Expansion ratio
The expansion ratio is the amount of gas produced by a given volume of liquid at a given temperature.
IE: for instance, liquid propane has an expansion ratio of liquid to gas (270 to 1)
While liquefied natural gas has an expansion ratio of (635 to 1).
Obviously, the greater the expansion rate, the more gas is produced, the larger the endangered area becomes.
Vapor density
Vapor density is the relative density of a vapor compared to air. The vapor density of air is 1.0.
If a material has a vapor density higher than 1.0, it is heavier than air and we’ll settle.
Toluene, for example, has a vapor density of 3.14, and will settle and pool in low lying areas. If event for density is less than one, it is lighter than air, and will rise and tend to dissipate.
Only 16 (lighter than air HAHAMICE+N)
Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the weight of a solid or liquid, compared to an equal volume of water. If the material has a specific gravity, greater than 1.0, and it does not dissolve in water, it will sink. If it’s specific gravity is less than 1.0 it will float on water.
This becomes important when conducting some types of damning or booming operations, and when dealing with flammable liquids.
Solubility
The ability of a substance to form a solution with water can be important when determining control methods
For example, gasoline is insoluble, all anhydrous ammonia is soluble
Negligible- less than 0.1%
Slight-0.1 to 1.0%
Moderate- 1 to 10%
Appreciable- more than 10%
Miscibility
The term basketball refers to the tendency or ability of two or more liquids to form a uniform blend, or to dissolve in each other. Liquids may be totally miscible, partially miscible, or not miscible at all.
Miscible- will mix
Immiscible- will not mix
Persistence
And materials, ability to remain in the environment, chemically unchanged. The more persistent material is, the greater the propensity for it to remain harmful over a period of time.
Temperature of product
The temperature of a product or influence the measures taken to control an incident that involves that product. A product temperature may also prevent hazards. An incident involving molten sulfur, for example, raises different sets of concerned than one involving cryogenic material such as liquefied natural gas.
Viscosity
A measure of thickness of a liquid, determines how easily it flows. Liquids with high viscosity, such as heavy oil’s, must be heated to increase their fluidity. Liquids that are more viscous tend to flow more slowly, while those that are less viscous will spread more easily. During an incident, liquids that are less viscous are likely to flow away from leaking container, expanding the endangered area.
Volatility
Volatility describes the ease with which a liquid compares into the vapor state. The higher and material volatility, the greater its evaporation rate. Vapor pressure is a measure of a liquid propensity to evaporate. Thus, the higher a liquid vapor pressure the more volatile it is. During an incident, a volatile material will disperse in air and expand the endangered area.
Chemistry
Chemistry has two basic subdivisions: organic and in organic organic chemistry is based on substances that contain carbon. Organic materials are derived from materials that are or once were living. An example of an organic compound is propane organic materials are significant to the technician, as the majority of them are known to be flammable, and also toxic.
Chemistry of nitrogen
Oxygen and other non-carbon materials is the Contant of inorganic chemistry. In organic materials may still contain carbon. However, they lack the characteristic carbon chains found in organic materials. Examples of inorganic material are nitric acid, sodium bicarbonate, and carbon dioxide.
Atomic structure
All matter (substances) is made of atoms
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Adams are composed the three basic units.
Protons
Particles that are found in the center, or nucleus, of the atom having a positive charge
Neutrons
Particles found in the nucleus, they have no charge
Electrons
Particles found in the space surrounding the nucleus, they have a negative charge. These spaces are called the electron shells.
almost all the mass of an atom
Is in the nucleus
Electrons are what take part in
Chemical bonding and reactions
Adams like to try and fill their electron shells. Depending on the number of electrons associated with an atom, there can be many electron shells.
The number of protons and electrons are normally equal in a stable atom
True or false
True
Element
An element is a substance of similar atoms with the same atomic number
Elements cannot be broken down further by chemical means. An elements chemical properties of determined by the number of protons in the nucleus and the corresponding number of electrons around the nucleus.
Where are elements found?
There are 118 named elements. Of those, 92 are found in nature. The remaining elements are synthetically made in a laboratory.
Isotopes
The atoms of an element all have the same number of protons, however, variations in the atomic mass of the atom can occur. When this occurs, the number of protons stays the same, but the number of neutrons changes. When this occurs, the new atom is said to be an isotope of the original Atom or element.
Unstable isotopes
Some isotopes are very unstable. As they break down, they release particles and energy, this breakdown is called radioactivity, and the particles and energy released are called radiation.
Ion
An atom or radical that has lost, or gained an electron, therefore has acquired an electric charge
Loss of electron
Positive charged atom is called a Cation
Gain of electron
Negative charged Atom called and Anion
Allotrope
The existence of a substance in two or more forms with different physical and chemical properties
IE: carbon existing as a diamond, graphite, and carbon black
Metal
An element that conducts heat and electricity as well, has a high physical strength and is ductile and malleable. Medals are to the left of the stairstep line on the periodic table.
Many metals are extremely toxic
Nonmetal
An element that does not conduct heat and electricity, has low, physical strength, and there’s neither ductile nor malleable. Nonmetals are to the right of the stairstep line on the periodic table.
Metalloid
An element that exhibit general physical properties of both metals and nonmetals
Periodic table
The periodic table is organize chart that contains all elements that are nouns exist. The tables are raised in ascending order by the element atomic number. From the table, one can obtain valuable information on elements.
Atomic number
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus
Atomic mass
The atomic mass is determined by adding together the number of protons and the number of neutrons. This is usually displayed as a decimal number on a periodic table.
Atomic masses are useful for determining relative density of a material and for calculating qualities of reactants for neutralization reactions.
Periods- horizontal rows
And a given period, the properties of elements gradually passed from a chemically active metal to chemically active nonmetal nature,
with the last element in the period Being an inert gas.
Groups – vertical columns
The group number indicates the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom. It is significant because it helps describe the activity of the element. Adams will react in such a way as to complete their outer shell;
i.e. two electrons in the first shell and eight electrons in the outer shells. This filling of the outer most shell is called the octet law.
Elements with similar properties are classified together in groups or families. There are four families of significance. The technician needs to recognize.
Element (group 1)
The alkali family. Tell him it’s in the family are hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium.
Each one has an electron in its outer shell, and has properties similar to the others. All the elements except for hydrogen will explode on contact with water, and our Pyrophoric.
Group 2 elements
The alkali earth family. Examples include magnesium, calcium, and radium. These elements have two electrons in the outer shell. These metals are also chemically reactive, but not as reactive as (group1A)
they will decompose in water, and may be explosive and ignite in the air, but only when exposed to heat source
Group 17 elements
Halogen family. Examples of our fluorine, Chlorine, and bromine. These elements have seven electrons in the outer shells. They are exceptionally reactive nonmetals, and like oxygen or oxidizers.
In fact, fluorine is a stronger oxidizer than oxygen.
Group 18 elements
Noble gas, family, most of these gases exist as a major part of the atmosphere.
These gases are non-reactive.
Chemical properties and behavior
Chemical properties of material are those changes that the material is capable of undergoing due to reactions of materials at the atomic level. Chemical properties affect our Atoms interact with each other, and the formation of other compounds.
Chemical reactions
A chemical change, which occurs when two or more substances react with each other and produce a different substance or energy, is applied to a substance and a different substance is produced. And a chemical reaction energy is either absorbed or liberated.
chemical reaction in a container
The chemical reaction of materials in a container may result in a buildup of heat, an increase in pressure, a corrosive product, or a material that may react, if shot by
(heat, mechanical, or chemical. )Under these conditions, the container may fail.
Ionic bonding
A chemical reaction that combines metal elements with nonmetal elements producing a compound called a salt. This type of bonding produced products that are held together by differential electrical charge between the parts (or ions).
Example is table salt, (sodium chloride. )
Covalent bonding
A chemical reaction, That combines two nonmetals together. The product is a non-salt. This type of bonding produces products that are held together by sharing of electrons between the parts.
An example is Methane
Developing the chemical hazard profile for incident analysis
In order to understand the behaviors of hazardous materials, involve the HMT should research the physical properties and the chemical hazards of the substances, and develop a profile of the chemical hazards
Developing this hazard profile includes
1-Identifying the hazard class,
2-evaluating the potential for energy to be released in chemical reactivity,
3-determine the physical state based on boiling point or melting point.
4-Evaluating the fire hazard.
5-Evaluating the health hazards.
Concerns for energy release the HMT must be aware of
Explosive that has a class 1
Reactive with other chemicals, including water in there – hazard class 4,5,&8
Polymerization hazard gas hazard class, 2 and 3
Chemically unstable
Radioactive – hazard class number 7
Chemical reactivity hazards
Chemical reactivity describes the substances ability to release energy or undergo change. Examples of reactivity include self reactive, water, reactive, or air reactive materials, polymerizing, materials, corrosive, explosive, or radioactive materials
Unstable materials
Substances that decompose spontaneously, polymerizes, or otherwise self react in a hazardous manner
Oxidation potential
The ability of a material spontaneously react with oxygen from the air, or from a chemical oxidizer at room temperature, without any outside he being applied
Explosive materials
Explosive means any substance article, including a device, that is designed to function by explosion (i.e. an extremely rapid release of gas and heat,) or that, by chemical reaction within itself is able to function in similar manner, even if not designed to function by explosion
Detonation
A sudden violent release of chemical, mechanical, or nuclear energy from a can find a region; a detonation is propagated by a shockwave and travels at supersonic speed
Deflagration
To burn very, very rapidly; the speed of reaction is much faster than an ordinary combustion, but travels much slower than a detonation
Possible hazards of explosives
Exposure to heat, shock or contamination, could result in thermal and mechanical hazards
Chemically reactive materials
Instability
Materials, a decompose, spontaneously, polymerize, or otherwise self react are generally considered unstable materials. They do not mix with other chemicals to react. The term instability is often used in a changeable with the term reactivity.
Water reactive
Materials that one in contact with water will produce flammable or toxic gases, or exothermic reactions or decompose.
For example, most alkali metals will react violently when they come in contact with water. Those metals are so reactive that they do not exist as metals in nature.
The outer electron shell of alkali metals is unstable. Therefore, we ask rapidly and strongly with oxygen molecules in water.
Examples of water, reactive materials, and their by-products
Sodium metal – hydrogen and sodium hydroxide
Calcium carbide – acetylene and calcium hydroxide
Sodium hydride – hydrogen and sodium hydroxide
Pyrophoric materials (air reactive)
Pyrophoric materials are those materials that react spontaneously with air. Many scientists and producers of these materials, attempt to make a distinction between a pyrophoric material reacting in clean, dry air, or those that react in moist air.
(Note, when pyrophoric materials react in moist air, it is because the water contact, causing the reaction, therefore, making it water reactive )
White phosphorus.
Uranium. Triethylaluminum. Diethyl zinc. Iron sulfide.
Characteristics – some of these materials made burst into flames; Sunday, decompose, slightly less violently into noxious components, while others may detonate.
I.e.: phosphorus Dash white phosphorus, will spontaneously ignite when exposed to air
White phosphorus.
Uranium.
Triethylaluminum
Di-ethyl zinc
Iron sulfide
Polymerization
Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which small molecules combine to form larger molecules. The polymerization process release large amounts of energy that may damage the container.
Monomers
The small molecules that are the base unit for the polymerization process.
An example is styrene.
Polymer
Large molecules formed from smaller, subunits or monomers.
An example is polystyrene.
Inhibitor
An inhibitor is a chemical that is added to a monomer to prevent the chemical reaction. If the inhibitor is released during an incident, an uncontrolled polymerization process can take place that may damage the container.
Catalyst
A catalyst is used to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. If not used properly, a callus can initiate an uncontrolled polymerization process.
Catalyst do not enter into the chemical reaction. (Do not chemically change.)
Chemically unstable materials
Organic peroxides
Azides
Fulminates
Nitrate esters
Butyraldehyde
Water reactive materials
Metal salts.
Acids.
Bases.
Group 1 elements.
Pyrophoric
White phosphorus
Uranium
Triethylaluminum
Di-ethyl zinc
Iron sulfide
Polymerization
Acrylonitrile
Propylene
Vinyl chloride
Styrene
Oxidizers
Any substance that may enhance or support combustion of other materials, generally by yielding oxygen; that substance that will readily react to, promotes, or initiates combustion, such as the halogens; under certain circumstances may undergo vigorous self sustained decomposition due to contamination or heat exposure
Oxidizer state of matter
Oxidizers can be gas, liquid or solid state. They readily and easily release the oxygen atoms in the compound, or are a halogen. Fluorine is the more powerful oxidizer than oxygen.
Oxidizers can be toxic, very sensitive to energy (heat, pressure or shock)
inorganic compounds that are oxidizers
There are certain ionic compounds that will readily release oxygen. The basic formula for these oxidizers is:
Metal+nonmetal+ oxygen
Examples:
Sodium hypochlorite – NaCIO
Sodium nitrate - Na2NO3
Peroxides
Any compound containing bivalent, oxygen group, peroxide, I am, 0–0 (2 oxygen atoms) they release oxygen readily and are strong oxidizers. Peroxide are a group of hazardous materials that are man-made, not normally occurring in nature, due to their inherent, instability and reactivity. Their use is mainly to initiate or catalyze a polymerization reaction.
Inorganic peroxide
compounds that have hydrogen or any metal ionically bonded to a peroxide Ion
Hydrogen peroxide, H-O-O-H
Show me an organic franchise are strong, oxidizes, toxic, and when they come in contact with a combustible material, may burst instantly into flames.
Organic Peroxides
Organic compounds that contain the peroxide ion. They are extremely unstable, and the slightest amount of energy may be enough to cause a rapid decomposition with the release of high amounts of energy. Organic peroxides are kept a low temperatures to prevent these bonds from disintegration, which will release energy.
SADT self accelerating decomposition temperature
The essay DT is a property of every peroxide. The typical range of an SADT is between 0°F and 50°F. Regardless of the temperature, I have some portion of the material reaches it. Decomposition will begin. Once the decomposition begins, there’s no way to stop it.
Maximum safe storage temperature
The highest temperature at which to safely store organic peroxides. When an organic peroxide reaches the temperature above the MSST, the material will decompose and may explode.
Activators
When oxidizes come in contact with either an energy or a chemical activator, they may decompose rapidly causing the release of us quantities of oxygen, and possibly heat this breakdown may accelerate the fire of a nearby combustible material. Since Mini oxidizers are metals, toxic gases may be released as well.
Energy activators
There are two types of energy activators. The primary activator is heat, and the secondary is pressure. He can be produced either from outside source, or as the material is decomposing. Pressure is produced if the material is contained in a storage vessel. If the material is decomposing, oxygen is being released, and heat is being produced. While this is happening pressure is being built up to the point of container failure.
Chemical activators
These materials have the ability to react with oxygen from the air, or some type of oxidizer at normal temperature with no outside heat source being applied. These materials will chemically react with metals and some nonmetals to begin the process of releasing oxygen and heat, causing a hypergolic reaction.
Radioactive material
A material containing an isotope that spontaneously admits ionizing radiation
Radioactivity
Definition of radiation from an atom due to artificial or natural nuclear breakdown
Radioisotope
(Radionuclide)
An isotopic form of an element, (either natural or artificial) that exhibit radioactivity
Radiation
The movement of energy through space, or matter, in the form of waves or particles
Alpha, beta, gamma
Non-ionizing radiation
This is the type of radiation causes Adams and their bonds to vibrate. This vibration causes friction with the release of heat. Examples of this type of radiation include.
IE: Visible, light infrared, energy, microwaves, and radio waves
Ionizing radiation
This is the type of radiation that causes changes in the atomic structure of the atom. These changes include ejection of atomic particles and the release of energy from the atom.
Alpha particles
Alpha particles are made up of two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus) they are fairly large, slow, moving particles. They travel only a few centimeters in there. Alpha particles present an internal hazard.
Paper or Tyvek can stop alpha particles.
Beta particles
Beta particles are composed of electrons that are ejected from the atom. They are smaller and faster than alpha particles. Beta particles can travel several meters in air. Beta particles present both internal and external hazards.
A thick book can stop beta particles
Neutron particles
Neutron particles are ejected from the nucleus during radioactive decay. These particles are usually associated with nuclear fission (an atomic bomb detonation or around nuclear reactors) these particles can travel great distances because they have a neutral charge. They present an internal hazard to living tissue.
X-rays
X-rays are produced when electrons in an atom move between electron shells. This is considered high energy radiation that presents both an external and internal hazard.
Gamma rays
Gamma rays are similar to x-ray, but of greater energy. The main difference between x-rays and gamma rays is that gamma rays originate in the nucleus of the atom and usually follow, alpha or beta decay. Gamma rays present both external and internal hazards.
Several centimeters of concrete or lead is required to stop gamma.
Penetrating effects of radiation
See photo
Measures of radioactivity
Curie-(CI) unit used to measure radioactivity. 1CI =37 billion disintegrations per second (DPS)
Becquerel-(Bq) metric unit of measure for radioactivity. 1Bq=1 disintegration per second (DPS.)
Specific activity -the activity of radioactive source per mass. Generally measured in curies per gram (Ci/g)
Radioactive half life- the time it takes for an unstable element to lose 1/2 of its radioactivity
Roentgen (R)
The amount of gamma radiation that will cause about 2 billion ion pairs and 1 cm³ of dry air. It is the measure of ionization of the molecules in mass of air.
Note, most instruments are read in Roentgens or Roentgens in per hour
Radiation absorbed dose (rad)
Relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some materials. Equals the energy absorption of 100 ERGS per gram of irradiated material. (An ergs is a measure of work)
Radiation equivalent man (rem)
REM measures the radiation affect on the body. Both the dosage of radiation and the potential for harmful effects are taken into account.
For emergency response operations
R – rad – rem are roughly equivalent for gamma radiation
Radioactive material labels
There is certain information that is required to be displayed on radioactive material labels. This includes
Radioactive active white – one (1 bar) identifies continents that have the lowest level of external radiation hazard
Radioactive yellow – three (3bars) the highest level. These labels DO NOT indicate the amount of internal hazard that the package may contain.
– depending on the level of radiation emitted from the package, radioactive materials will bear one of these three types of labels: radioactive white Dash one, radioactive yellow – two, or radioactive yellow – three.
Radioactive materials and transport
Contents, activity in transportation indexed this is the information displayed on the label. The transportation index TI indicates radiation dose rate in milligrams per hour measured at 1 m 3.3 feet. From the surface of the package and indicates the degree of control required by the shipper and determines the number of such packages that are allowed in a vehicle or storage area.
The transportation index or TI is only displayed on yellow two and yellow three labels. The label also indicates the contents and activity.
Corrosive Materials
Any substance that causes destruction to living tissue by chemical reaction
Corrosive materials by DOT Specs
DOT regulation a liquid or solid that causes destruction to human tissue or a liquid that chemically reacts with steel or aluminum
pH
A numerical scale from 0 to 14 years to qualify the city or alkalinity of an aqueous solution with neutrality indicated to 7
Acid
Aggressive with a pH of less than seven, a compound that forms hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
Base(Alkaline)
A corrosive with a pH of more than 7
Organic acids
Can contain carbon. Organic acids or someone in their molecular structure and contain grouping of atoms called a carboxyl group. These tend to be weak acids, and the symbol is abbreviated as see 008, which is combined with other hydrogen and carbon atoms in a chain Orion organic acids can be flammable due to the carbon contact. Organic acids may be explosive a very toxic.
Inorganic acids
Do not contain carbon. They are sometimes referred to as mineral acids and are not flammable.
However, these asses off and act as an oxidizing agent that can ignite other combustible materials in a spill. They are also water reactive.
IE: hydrochloric acid – HCL,
sulfuric acid, H2 S04
When dealing with acid products,
(Add acid to water), not water to acid
Hazards of acids (organic and inorganic)
Corrosive.
Explosive.
Polymerization.
Water reactive.
Toxic.
Oxidizer.
Flammable.
Reactive.
Unstable.
Bases (also referred to as alkali or caustic)
Substances that liberate hydroxide anions when dissolved in water. Bases react with acids to form salt and water. Bases have a pH greater than seven and turn litmus paper blue.
Have a bitter taste, and a slippery fill in solution. Bases have the same general property is acids and that they also can damage human tissue and materials, often more than acids.
IE: sodium hydroxide (lye)-NaOH, potassium hydroxide(caustic potash)-KOH
Flammable, gases, liquids, and solids
And fire the process of oxidation is the current very quickly while heat and light or released. If the process of oxidation is much faster than a Fire, or the amount of energy released as increase, and explosion occurred. Simply put if we look at the common, every day, fire, matter (fuel) is reacting with the liberation of energy (heat and light)
Flammable, gases, liquids, or solids continued
When will productivity, solid, liquid or gas. It’s state has its characteristic physical properties that enable responders to anticipate behavior. Earlier we talked about fire being a chemical process. this we all know, is composed of heat, fuel, and oxygen. All these can present at the same time, but if conditions are not right, then fire will not occur. In order for a substance to burn, it will need some other things to be present.
Flash point
Flashpoint is the minimum temperature to which a material must be raised to allow for combustion in the presence of an ignition source
Fire Point
In order for sustained combustion to occur, the fire point must be reached. The fire point is usually (1 to 3°F above) flashpoint.
Flammable range
flammable range is the percentage of vapor in the air, and was ignition will occur. Flammable range of described in terms of lower and upper flammable limits, also known as lower and upper explosive limit or LEL and UEL.
Ignition temperature (aka autoignition temperature)
The minimum temperature with the material must be heated in order to initiate self sustained combustion
Flammable range in ignition temperature explain more
Well, the flashpoint of the material is the function of physical characteristics I.E.vapor production, ignition temperature of a chemical change in the material. Molecular bond in the material are broken become subject oxidation. When this oxidation becomes rapid, and heat and light or produced fire as a result.
Larger heavier molecules will typically have lower ignition temperatures than light small chemicals. Animal and vegetable oil’s have a low ignition temperatures and will undergo spontaneous ignition if confined.
Ignition temperature & flashpoint examples
Gasoline (87 octane) FP= -36°F/ IT =853°F
Diesel FP = 100°F/ IT = 494°F
Products of combustion
All products of combustion, from cigarette smoke to the smoke from a fire involving pesticides, have some toxic effects. Some materials generate more highly toxic products of combustion than others, and appropriate levels of protective clothing and equipment must be used to counter them.
Hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon derivatives
Crude oil pump from the ground is a mixture of many molecules. It is a finding a mini usable product or a process called fractional distillation. In this process the molecules are separated, collected at different levels of a fractionating tower, and sent away to be blended into many familiar products. We use
(i.e. gasoline, kerosene, asphalt, fuel oils, and many other liquid petroleum products.)
Hydrocarbons are made up of?
Carbon and hydrogen that are covalently bonded to each other
Hydrocarbon families (4)
Saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, and halogenated
Saturated hydrocarbons
These molecules are saturated with hydrogen atoms. The molecules contain twice as many hydrogen atoms, plus two as they do, carbon atoms, and each bond as a single covalent bond. Most saturated hydrocarbons are heavy, and with the exception of methane have a vapor density greater than one the technical family name for this type of hydrocarbon is alkanes
IE: propane, (C3 H8 -carbons +6 hydrogen +2 hydrogen’s)
Alkanes
Or about 60% of all the petroleum oil, and I referred to as petroleum hydrocarbons, or paraffin hydrocarbons. Alkanes are not very reactive, and do not react with strong acids or bases. However, they are able to be oxidized and will burn.
IE: vapor density
methane=0.6
ethane=1.0
propane =1.6
butane=2.0
Hexane=3.0
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
The reason some hydrocarbons are called unsaturated because they do not contain as many hydrogens per carbon atom as the saturated hydrocarbons do. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between carbon somewhere in the molecular structure. These multiple buns, coupled with relatively low, hydrogen contacts are the reason this type of hydrocarbon is Highly reactive. All are considered toxic. The family groups that make up unsaturated hydrocarbons are (ALKENES and ALKYNES.)
-ene
ALKENES are made up of carbons are attached to each other with double covalent bonds. Because of these bonds ALKENES are very reactive. The most frequently encountered ALKENES are Etheline and propylene. Formula for ALKENES is (CnH2n)
-yne
ALKYNES are made up of carbon that attaches to each other with triple covalent bonds. These bonds are highly unstable ALKYNES generally do not exist in nature due to their reactivity. The most common ALKYNE is acetylene or ethyne the empirical formula for ALKYNES is. (CnH2n-2)
What happens when ALKENES and ALKYNES come in contact with an oxidizer?
A very rapid and intense fire will occur. This is called hypergolic reaction.
Halogenated hydrocarbons
These are hydrocarbons in with a hydrogen atom is replaced with a Halogen atom. since all halogens of group VIIA react similarly, and the number of hydrocarbons is so large, there are a very high number of potential halogenated hydrocarbons. How would you needed? Hydrocarbons include flammable, and combustible liquids, liquids, that may not ignite, urethane, foam’s, and fire extinguishing agents. Their materials are toxic.
Methyl Chloride-CH3CI
Flammable (combustible) solids
In addition to ordinary combustibles class, if you’re such as wood paper and cotton wool, they are solid materials, that present a significant fire hazard. There are two major types of flammable, solids, combustible elements, and combustible metals.
Other flammable solids
(allotropes)
Carbon, phosphorus and sulfur are elements I can burn in addition to having other hazardous characteristics. Carbon in form of Cole is a combustible and in bulk storage may burn so hot that it will break down water to release, hydrogen and oxygen.
There are two types of allotropes of phosphorus that I combustible and hazardous. White phosphorus is unstable at room temperature, has an auto ignition point of 86°F and will spontaneously ignite and dry air red phosphorus sublimates at 781°F and ignites at 500°F .
Sulphur
Sulphur melt at 240°F in ignites at 450°F. Once offered Burns the products of combustion a very toxic.
Extinguishing flammable metals
Combustible metals present multiple hazards, in addition to burning. The alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium are combustible, water reactive, and the products of combustion are toxic.
other metals, such as magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and there conium will burn in our especially dangerous and powder or dust form as they can ignite
with explosive force.
Because these materials, Burn at a very high temperature, water, and CO2 are not effective extinguishing agent and can break down to release oxygen
Metallic phosphides and carbides
There are certain metallic compounds that are combustible, such as the metallic phosphide and metallic carbides. These compounds may also have multiple hazards, such as being toxic and water reactive.
Toxic and poisonous materials
All hazardous materials can be toxic in some form. However, there are some chemicals in small quantities that can be extremely hazardous to a persons health:
A poison or toxin is the chemical in relatively small amounts that has the ability to produce injury, by chemical action, where it comes in contact with susceptible tissue
IE: target organs
Effects of toxic poisonous materials
Local effect– local affects result in injury, due to localized area on the skin, face, or lindz. It also can affect the throat, lungs, and the digestive tract.
Systemic effect – occurs when the toxicant enters the bloodstream, and will damage many tissues in the body
Types of toxic materials
Poisons- substances that are toxic have low levels
Irritant- substance that causes local inflammatory reaction upon contact
Asphyxiants- substances that interfere with the oxygenation of tissue
Simple asphyxiants- these materials, displace oxygen in the atmosphere so that oxygen does not enter the lungs or bloodstream
Chemical asphyxiants-these materials, chemically bond with hemoglobin in the blood and prevent the blood from bonding to red blood cells or from releasing to the cells
Carcinogens - substances that cause cancer in tissue
Biological agents- biological agents, include bacteria, viruses, micro organisms, and their toxins.
Blood agents- chemical compounds containing the cyanide group that prevents the blood from utilizing oxygen
Nerve agents- organophosphates that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs
Vesicants (blister agents) - chemicals that cause blistering and burning of tissue upon contact
Riot control agents-chemicals that are irritant
Factors that affect the harmful effects of toxic materials
Route of exposure.
Present for a time period.
Contact with a Target organ
Concentrations to cause injury
Ability to cause injury
Exposure limits for selected compounds
Check chart below
Saturations in the atmosphere
120
In an atmosphere that contains more than 100% of the LEL, the instrument will go to the maximum and may return quickly to zero. If the operator is not watching closely, he or she may mess it, and be in an extremely unsafe atmosphere.
Correction factors
Using the correction, factor can assist in the detection and measurement of gases, other than the one way in which the instrument is calibrated for.
If necessary to monitor an atmosphere containing propane with a meter calibrated for methane, a response curve could be used to determine the actual concentration of propane
VDEM HAZMAT HAND SIGNALS
160
Waiving right arm=distress/help
Hands on head=OK
Fist on heart up to chin=low on air
Cut throat= out of air
Pointing with right fist = Danger
Tube trailer (not DOT spec cargo tank)
226
-Cylinders are in mounted vehicle frame to meet DOT spec
-Made of steel
Three cylinder sizes used (3AX~3AAX~3T)
Each cylinder must have pressure relief device with vent tube
Remote emergency shut off
Typical commodities, gases, such as hydrogen, helium, carbon monoxide
Pneumatic hopper/ dry bulk hopper
227
Constructed of aluminum, steel and stainless steel. 3 to 4 compartments.
Top loaded and pressurized bottom offload. Max working pressure of 25 psi
Special features include manhole with dome covers, auxiliary, engine pump
Pressure relief device – frangible disk at max 25psi; working pressure 8-10psi
Typical commodities, ammonium nitrate, oxidizers, plastic pellets, corrosive, solids, food products
