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Biology > VCU Exam 1 > Flashcards

VCU Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plasma membrane

A

the outermost membrane of the cell, mostly made up of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates (glycolipids & glycoproteins)

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2
Q

phospholipids

A

polar hydrophillic head and non-polar hydrophobic tail

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3
Q

phospholipid tail

A

made out of 2 fatty acid chains.
Kinked chain- unsaturated (in hydrogen), more fluidity
Straight chain- saturated fatty acid, less fluidity

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4
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

self-organizing and repairing, form a liposome (sphere) with heads pointing outward

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5
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules with both hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions

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6
Q

Van der Waals interactions/forces

A

very weak bonds between phospholipid tails that can easily form or break allowing the tails to be fluid

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7
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

a longer chain of fatty acid tails has more Van der Waals interactions= stronger bond, less fluidity
the lipid bilayer is a fluid structure that allows molecules to move laterally within the membrane, and is a mosaic (a mixture) of two types of molecules, lipids and proteins.

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8
Q

cholesterol

A

30% of animal (only) cell membranes, in between the spaces of the tails, less fluidity under normal cell temp, in cold temp it helps retain some fluidity because it won’t let the tails get rigid

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9
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

proteins temporarily attached to the surface of the membrane through weak non-covalent interactions

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10
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

proteins extend part way into the hydrophobic (tails) region of the membrane, permanently associated with the cell membrane and cannot be separated

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11
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

extend all the way across the lipid bilayer, also technically considered integral proteins

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12
Q

transporter proteins

A

have to be transmembrane, transport molecules through a channel going in either directions, can be gated

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13
Q

carrier protein

A

changes shapes, specific as to what can pass through, can transport more than 1 molecule

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14
Q

receptor proteins

A

have to be transmembrane, relay a message from one side of the membrane to the other, protein changes shape when a molecule binds to it creating a signal

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15
Q

enzymes

A

can be integral, peripheral, or transmembrane, speeds up a reaction

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16
Q

ATP synthase

A

synthesizes ATP = ADP + inorganic phosphate. H+ ions will attach and spin causing ATP synthase to rotate, acting as a transporter

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17
Q

anchors

A

can be integral or transmembrane, hold another protein in place, hold onto the cytoskeleton fibers, holding onto another protein helping it stay in place

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18
Q

selective barrier

A

the plasma membrane regulate what molecules can pass through in and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis

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19
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport (require no energy) molecules move down a conc. gradient (from high to low) through the bilayer

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20
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport. large or hydrophillic molecules pass through protein channels or carriers in the plasma membrane

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21
Q

aquaporins

A

specific protein channel, allow water to flow through the plasma membrane more readily by facilitated diffusion.

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22
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water, water moves from regions of high water conc. to low water conc.

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23
Q

primary active transport

A

NaK pump moves 3 Na ions out and 2 K+ ions in by using ATP. Na conc. is high on the outside of the cell and K+ conc. is high on the inside of the cell

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24
Q

secondary active transport

A

transmembrane pump uses ATP to move protons from the inside to the outside creating an electrochemical gradient.

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25
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

concentration and charge difference between the inside and outside of the cell (outside= positive)

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26
Q

hypotonic

A

low solute, water moves from the outside in, cell swells or burst. plants prefer to be hypotonic to retain more water (cell wall prevents bursting)

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27
Q

hypertonic

A

high solute, water moves from the inside out, cell shrinks

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28
Q

isotonic

A

solute and water concentrations are equal, water will move in both directions but no net movement. animals prefer to be isotonic

29
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

present in some single celled organisms to prevent bursting. compartments that take excess water from inside the cell and release it into the outside environment by contraction

30
Q

antiporter

A

transport more than one molecule in opposite directions

31
Q

symporter

A

transport more than one molecule in the same direction

32
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea. single celled, no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, store DNA in nucleoid

33
Q

eukaryotes

A

eukarya: plants, animals, fungi, protists. multicellular, has a nucleus that store DNA, enzymes, nucleolus, and membrane bound organelles

34
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER- lipid production, calcium storage, detoxification
rough ER- contain ribosomes (protein production)
transitional ER- products from smooth and rough ER can be stored or transported other places in the cell by budding vesicle

35
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

sorts proteins and lipids to other organelles, the plasma membrane, or the cell exterior, produce macromolecules, forming protein complexes, transport protein complexes by vesicles, modify molecules

36
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP production by cellular respiration, has its own DNA , ribosomes, enzymes, and a double membrane (squiggly inner membrane for more surface area to fit more electron transport chains)

37
Q

lysosomes

A

break down and digest molecules, damaged organelles to be recycled. acidic pH (4.1) where digestive enzymes function best

38
Q

peroxisomes

A

can aid in cellular respiration, detoxification of damaging molecules (free radicals), make hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the process of detoxing, which can be damaging, so it is converted to H2O

39
Q

chloroplasts

A

only in plant cells, photosynthesis occurs here, contain 3 membranes: outer-> inner-> thylakoid (very important in photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll). Has own DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

40
Q

vacuole

A

takes up most of the volume of a plant cell, mostly involved in storage: store pigment molecules to attract pollination, various ions until needed, and toxins as a defense

41
Q

toxins

A

not toxic when stored in vacuoles but can become toxic if ruptured and mixed with the cytoplasm

42
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural protein networks in the cytoplasm

43
Q

microtubules

A

hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers (alpha and beta), create cilia and flagella and spindle apparatus used in cell division. largest in diameter

44
Q

centrosome

A

only in animals. microtubules push outward to the cell periphery from a microtubule organizing center

45
Q

intermediate filaments

A

only in animal cells, medium sized, strong fiber composed of intermediate filament proteins, provides structural support

46
Q

microfilaments

A

double helix of actin monomers, smallest in diameter, line the inside of the cell helping with structure and integrity of plasma membrane, forms microvilli and contractile ring (pinches off) in cell division

47
Q

nuclear lamina (intermediate filaments)

A

lines the nuclear envelope like the microfilaments line the plasma membrane (protecting the nucleus)

48
Q

dynamic instability in microtubules and microfilaments

A

has a plus (+) end and a minus (-) end, the plus end grows faster. dynamic instability is alternating periods of grow rates (in order to find chromosomes in cell division)

49
Q

motor proteins

A

aid with cellular movements
microfilaments- myosin
microtubules- kinesin or dynein

50
Q

myosin in microfilaments

A

walk along actin using ATP. can attach to 2 microfilaments at once pulling it forward as actin pulls back (muscle contraction). will undergo a conformational (structural) change in order to pull or walk.

51
Q

kinesin and dynein in microtubules

A

walk along microtubules, kinesin will walk towards the plus end and dynein will walk towards the minus end (towards the plasma membrane)

52
Q

cilia (9+2 arrangement)

A

created by microtubules, nine pairs of microtubules are located around the periphery of these organelles and two microtubules are at the center

53
Q

cell migration

A

Cells move by extending a lamellipodium at the leading edge and contracting microfilaments at the trailing edge.

54
Q

cellular junctions

A

areas that allows cells to join to other cells or to the extracellular matrix by cell adhesion molecules

55
Q

adherens juntions

A

joins 2 different cells together by 1 cadherin from each cell (2 total) form a belt around cells

56
Q

desmosomes

A

joins 2 cells together by a cluster of cadherins (like buttons on clothes) linked to intermediate filaments inside the cell- making it stronger, more stable and permanent

57
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

hold cells to the extracellular matrix by integrins linked to intermediate filaments

58
Q

tight junctions

A

ex: digestive cells, make a seal between cells using various tight junction proteins so molecules have to go through the plasma membrane using a transport mechanism

59
Q

gap junctions

A

specifically in animals, form a channel using gap junction proteins allowing molecules to move from one cell to the other in either directions

60
Q

plasmodesmata

A

specifically in plants, passages through the cell wall of adjacent plant cells, continuous plasma membranes

61
Q

extracellular matrix

A

area to the outside of the cell, mostly composed of a carbohydrate with various polysaccharides and proteins (not as much)

62
Q

extracellular matrix of plants

A

is the cell wall: 3 parts- middle lamella, primary cell wall and secondary cell wall, provides structural support

63
Q

middle lamella

A

gel like substance, composed of pectin (polysaccharide) , hold cell together and retain high water content

64
Q

primary cell wall

A

formed first, composed almost entirely of cellulose and some proteins and pectin, provides some support and structure

65
Q

secondary cell wall

A

not present in all plant cells, much thicker and stronger (in wood), composed of cellulose and lignin- provides strength and waterproofing, formed in between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane

66
Q

extracellular matrix of animals

A

produced by fibroblasts made out of collagen (triple helix) and elastin (elasticity and mobility).

67
Q

fibroblast

A

mostly extracellular matrix, important for connective tissue: dermis layer of skin, bone, and cartilage

68
Q

epithelial tissues

A

a lot of the extracellular matrix, epidermis, lining of blood vessels and intestinal tracts

69
Q

basal lamina

A

specialized extracellular matrix, found in epithelial tissue or connective tissue, provides strength (what hemidesmosomes attach to).

Biology (4 decks)

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